Driving Down The Road - Original Writing - 2286 Words

Imagine you are driving down the highway on a warm summer day. It’s nice outside, your window is rolled down, the wind is blowing in your hair, and your sibling is in the passenger seat. In mid-thought, you slam on your brakes and swerve to miss a deer. Your car goes down the hill and hits a tree. No one is around. You check on your brother, he looks unconscious. You are okay, but have a few minor scrapes and bruises. You dial 911, hoping that maybe they could understand what you were saying. You leave your phone on in case they can track your location. When you start walking up the hill, a car pulls off to the side of the road. The person jumps out of the car and runs up to you, appearing very concerned. When you try signing to the girl, she does not understand what you are saying to her. This could very well be a situation that happens in real life. If the person who would have found you and your sibling would have known American Sign Language, they might have been able to h elp you out in a crisis like this. In society today, we have to be able to communicate with people about anything and everything we do (Kivett). Learning American Sign Language, or ASL, will help every individual that learns it. In order to determine why there is a problem with very few signers, we have to investigate why people don’t want to learn the language, what problems that creates, and what we can do to create solutions to help everyone as a whole. Many people in the United States do not knowShow MoreRelatedLaws And Laws Of Driving License1540 Words   |  7 PagesLaw relating to Driving License As per the Section 3 of the Central Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 nobody can drive at any public place until he holds an effective driving license issued to him authorizing him to drive the vehicle. 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Concept Of Kindergarten Readiness - 3838 Words

Concept of Kindergarten Readiness Kindergarten readiness is a term that one hears in preschools all over the country. It is of very high concern to parents and teachers alike. What is kindergarten readiness? Graue (2010) reminds us that â€Å"it has been generally accepted and reliably supported that kindergarten readiness is determined by more than age†. It is a broader concept of the skills necessary to make a smooth transition to the kindergarten classroom so that they can be successful (Wesley Buysse, 2003). That could mean many different things to many different people, especially when the context of the school and family is considered. How are we to come to a shared meaning? In their study of the predictive validity of one specific†¦show more content†¦There are also varying thoughts on what it means to â€Å"properly place† a child. â€Å"Tests are used to determine who may enter kindergarten, as well as to identify those children in need of remediation and those who qualify for advanced placement, â€Å" (Ellewein, Walsh, Eads, Miller, 1991). The list of skills that one may find on a kindergarten readiness checklist has been described by Graue (2010) as a â€Å"crazy quilt of skills and dispositions.† There is constant tension about how many of those skills and dispositions should be academic, and how many should be social, but there is a pervasive thought that they as a whole they tell us something meaningful about the child. Graue (1993) and Snow, Burns, Griffin (1998) explain that â€Å"Although a child s readiness for school can be viewed as a complex interplay between the child s entry skills, the teacher s beliefs and activities, the connection between the family and the school, and the school system s philosophy and structure , entry skills alone are among the best predictors of later academic performance,† (as cited in Kurdek Sinclair 2010). This is the belief that underlies the societal norm of testing young children the way that we do One of the most common ways that assessment is achieved is through a mix of teacher observation and parent

Economics Complications For UK - Free Sample & Solutions

Question: Discuss about the Economics For Managers for Economic Complications for UK. Answer: 1. As stated by Curry (2016), Brexit refers to the exit of United Kingdom from the European Union. In the year 2016, 52% of the voters in UK, voted to leave the European Union thereby leading to political and economic complications for UK and other countries . The article which assesses the case study of Brexit under the name Brexit what would happen if British left the EU? published in the Guardian, dated 14th of May , 2015 This article focuses at discussing the impact of Brexit on growth, trade, jobs, immigration and position in the world. Growth mixed feelings are generated on the effect of growth for Brexit. As stated by Boulanger and Philippidis (2015), various attempts have been formulated to seek the effect of Brexit on the UK economy. On an early estimation in 2004, that an exit would lead to a loss of 2.25% if UK GDP. According to an analysis done by the Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), the consequence soft Brexit would lead to a fall of income ranging between 6.3% to 9.5% of GDP. By being under free trade agreement (FTA), there might be a reduced fall in GDP of the UK, that is 2.2%. A mixed opinion of Thinktank Open Europe states that where an exit leads to a 2.2% loss of GDP by 2030, on the other hand, UK enters into independent trade policies with the world. Therefore, it could be better off by 1.6% of GDP by 2030. According to Tim Congdon contradictingly UK is 11.5% of GDP worse off for being a member of the union (Brugge et al. 2016). Trade According to the latest survey done by the British Chambers Of Commerce, 57% of the businesses are of the belief that being with the union would be positive. According to the office of national statistics data, there is a reduction in goods exported to EU and an increase in the goods exported to other countries in 2015. Iain Mansfield stated that UK would be beneficial by pursuing free trade with the with the world and it should engage with the organizations like G8, G20, and OECD. According to CBE, there is a tricky situation of negotiating trade after Brexit, as EU has 500 million consumers whereas, UK just has 65 million. Jobs There are 3 million jobs in UK depends on the EU membership. According to some firms, Brexit would cause a significant loss as it helps in attracting foreign companies. When some firms decide to take their companies out , other firms have planned to scale back to UK. Two sectors that hold a particular mention are the car and financial services. EU membership boosts UK businesses in the car industry and therefore, employment. This results from the funds and research development funds provided by EU. The scenario shows that leaving EU would leave a serious impact on the economics growth and jobs in UK. (Dhingra et al. 2016). Immigration According to the experts, British had access to single market before the brexit took its toll. Citizens freely moved from one country to order among the member countries of European union. With the formation of brexit, the scenario totally changed. The people of European union are equivalent to the people of the third world countries. Immigration in UK would be much difficult than it was before. This would create a retaliation effect over the UK immigrants staying in the European unions. Status in Europe As per Hume (2016), Brexit aims at diminishing the status of UK and EU in varying degrees. According to Roger Liddle, a single market would be beneficial for the country, than the costly, antisocial attributes of the Eurosceptic. According to an analysis, UK could overtake Germany as the most populous country by 2040, and can channel transatlantic influence as one of the EU's biggest trading and political partners ,whereas, Tim Oliver of the center for transatlantic relations states his vision that UK would be the junior partner. This would lead the state to negotiate for free trade as a weak member. On being compared with other with countries who were not associated with EU such as Switzerland and Norway, in the post-Brexit era, the UK has the little hard energy to export, and it has no land boundaries. Brexit would lessen the opportunities for future students to study in Britain. If a continent looses its political and market share, managing them is quite difficult (Krause, Noth and Tonzer 2016). Position in the world- Brexit would reduce rather than enhance the countrys position. According to the countries of the world, Brexit would result into unique changes once it breaks the ties with the European union. If it leaves EU, UK would be worse off. Only time will unfold what the actual consequences may be. Regardless of whether Britain exits on a good or bad note, there will be a decrease in trade. 2. Brexit aims at UK leaving the association of EU. This would increase the prices of British exports and reduce the economic activities and production. Prices for imported goods and services would rise for British consumers. Future predictions stated that there would be a 0.6% drop in UK GDP by 2030, that what it would have been by being a member of the union. By being isolated the percentage of drop in GDP might even be increased to 3% by 2030 (Dhingra, Ottaviano and Sampson 2015). With less trade, there would be less competition from international borders. This would result in callous nature of the companies to improve the quality of their goods. A lower increase in productivity would creep in which would reduce the long-term rate of economic growth. Analysis conducted by the economists at centre for economics performance, states that with Brexit into action, UK might suffer a fall in income of the range 6.3 % to 9.5% of GDP (Fry 2016). Figure 1: fall in the demand for goods and services in UK (source: as created by author) In figure 1, AD1 and AS are the aggregate demand and supply curves for the exports of goods and services pre-Brexit. With the exit of UK from the European Union, there is a fall in the demand for exports as now, the demand curve shifts rightwards from AD1 to AD2. This decrease in demand results in a fall in the price level from P1 to P2 and fall in the GDP from Y1 to Y2. This figure illustrates the scenario of the effect of Brexit on the UK economy. Some optimistic are of the view that if free trade prevails, in spite of Brexit, then the fall of GDP would be much lesser as predicted. With the fall in GDP rate, a negative impact over the economic and political situation of UK would be seen in coming future. The investors would dump different assets including shares and bonds. There would be a fall in the pound-dollar ratio and a rise in unemployment would creep in and the country might loose its financial status. There would be high chances of uncertainty over Britains economic failure. European Union was originated from the European Coal And Steel Community (ECSE) and European Economic Community (EEC) formed in 1951 and 1958. It was formed by six countries of Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands. The organization was named European Union which is an association of twenty countries. Each of the countries which belongs the association is independent in nature, but they agree to the rules stated by the nations. EU it allows free movement of goods, capital, services and people between the countries. The EU economy generates a GDP of around 14.303 trillion according to IMF.The aim of the EU is to unify the whole western Europe, to create a unified market system as means of providing stability to the markets and prevent division amongst the unified colonies (Wallace, Pollack and Young 2015). 3. As stated by Bianchetti et al.(2016) ,on the application of Brexit, a major issue grows that results in strict control over the immigrants of UK. Many people are concerned as this would hurt their jobs, wages, and quality of life. After Brexit comes into action, it would remove the associations of free movement of people among the EU and the UK. This would lead to strict rules faced by the EU citizens as it would be faced by the third party nations. New regulations would be set that would need the proofs regarding the work, as income proof, time limit of stay and the intention of work. People who plan a longer stay would have to show an employment proof. As stated by (Crafts 2016), the border between Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic would serve as the external source of entry EU immigrants to enter UK. The number of immigrants from other EU countries has raised to 3.3 million. Whereas, nearly two million UK immigrants also stay in other European Union countries. Hence, the strict rules for the EU immigrants would result in a retaliation of those UK immigrants by staying abroad. British people would end up applying for visa every time they plan to travel across the English channel. Retaliation from EU would pose a significant issue for the UK immigrants staying in other European countries. It has a direct effect on the UK immigrants in other EU countries. Hence, Britain would consider the EU citizens up to a certain level. 4. The exit of Britain from EU, the financial market, the investors of the Australia would be affected. However, Boulanger and Philippidis (2015) argued that this Brexit would not reflect to melt down of the economy. As UK did not maintain the trading partner with the economy like Australia, Brexit would not directly affect the trade of Australia. In this respect, Scott Haslem supported that only 4% of the overall production of the manufacturing goods exports to UK as well as by 5% to EU with the comparison of remaining 75% of the emerging markets. Therefore, Dagnis Jensen and Snaith (2016) mentioned that if UK left from EU, then Australia can negotiate a several deal with Britain. On the other hand, it can be criticised that the shock to the international markets, which have a positive impact on the overall world economy. This would again depress the confidence of both the businesses and the investors as well. In addition, Haslem added that in this type of investment uncertainty to the global economy development, Australia hold the lower position. On the contrary, Alan Oster, the chief economist of National Australian Bank stated that the prediction regarding the economy of Australia can be identified based on the economy of UK. Hence, he pointed that the trading position of UK along with the EU, would not break up to close down, as this was higher since for the two years of negotiations in case of trading agreements with EU as stated by mckee and Galsworthy (2016). Brexit also has an impact on the rate of interest of Australia. If Fed does hindrance the interest rate hikes, this would lead to the Australian dollar to be high relative to the RBA. This in turn could enhance the odds of RBA by cutting down the rate of interest and as a result, this outcome or approach would be able to stimulate the economy and lowering down the rate of Australian dollar. Instead of this, reduction of the rate of Australian dollar has an adverse impact on the Australians, who have pensions along with the other assets in the market of UK. In addition, the power of spending of the British tourists would be reduced. Moreover, Dhingra et al. (2016) cited that Australian stock market also tends to decline due to the increase of the uncertainty. As a result, the investors of this country would try to adopt risk off principle. Bonds reflect to lowering down the investors by engaging in the flight to quality. As per the opinion of macshane (2015), the support of Brexit refers to the shorten government might not be able to spend the money in case of protection of the economy of Australia. Moreover, government cannot also be capable to spend for the development of the health and the education of this mentioned economy. As a result, labour is needed to recast its economic strategy. 5. According to mckee and Galsworthy (2016), due to Brexit, UK has been suffering from the net loss of the economy. It can be observed that the exit of Britain from Europe reduced the GDP of United Kingdom by the amount of 2.25%. The reason can be discussed as due to the lowering down of foreign direct investment. In addition, as per the estimation of Centre for Economic Performance, United Kingdom can face the problem of falling down of income between the ranges of 6.3% to 9.5%. As a result, this has a negative impact on the global economy. In the words of Oliver (2013), the exit of British country from the EU, would decrease compared to increase the global economys influence as well as standing. This case has been observing in the countries like Washington and Beijing. On the contrary, it can be observed that in the economy like India, there was a most important colonial relationship with UK, therefore, Brexit could not affect Indias economy even if the trading situation of UK has declined. In a synopsis, voices of the other nations would provide the lower rate of comfort to the account of Britain. Moreover, it would be able to regain the unique as well as booming voice in case of the global economy affairs at the time of breaking of collective European identity. Again, Springford and Whyte (2014) criticised that India is seemed to the highly significant exemption to the consent of lesser UK outside of the EU. As per the statement of Ivo Daalder, the previous USA ambassador to Nato as well as the preset president of Chicago Council, this principle has a positive influential effect, which is increasing within the global economy outside of the EU. This power will reflect to retain the greater leadership within EU. On the other hand, in case of China, Weiler (2015) mentioned that UK is effective in terms of the financial centre. Nevertheless, from the point of view of overall political and the trading power, it is seemed to the significant and proportionate in case of the performance of role in EU. Again, Feng Zhongping argued that, UK, France, Germany or the other European countries is not capable to change the overall economy. However, it is known that EU is familiar as the largest market and the highest trade partner of China. Therefore, Boulanger and Philippidis (2015) opined that with the left of United Kingdom, EU would be more affected compared to UK. In addition, the strategic connection between United Kingdom and India, the several factors, this is underlying the different techniques, can recognise the British identity. China could not eligible to experience these ties due to the trading restrictions, is highly seek to UK as the smaller part of the European trading bloc. Moreover, Washington tried to construct and maintain a strategic connection with United Kingdom, however, arise the question regarding the Brexit due to the several reasons (Dagnis Jensen and Snaith 2016). Reference Boulanger, P. and Philippidis, G., 2015. The End of a Romance? A Note on the Quantitative Impacts of a Brexitfrom the EU.Journal of Agricultural Economics,66(3), pp.832-842. Dagnis Jensen, M. and Snaith, H., 2016. When politics prevails: the political economy of a Brexit.Journal of European Public Policy, pp.1-9. Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G.I., Sampson, T. and Reenen, J.V., 2016. The consequences of Brexit for UK trade and living standards. MacShane, D., 2015.Brexit: How Britain Will Leave Europe. IB Tauris. McKee, M. and Galsworthy, M.J., 2016. Brexit: a confused concept that threatens public health.Journal of Public Health,38(1), pp.3-5. Oliver, T., 2013. The EUs unwillingness to discuss the possibility of a Brexitis playing into the hands of Eurosceptics.LSE European Institute. Springford, J. and Whyte, P., 2014. The consequences of Brexit for the City of London.Centre for European Reform. Weiler, J.H., 2015. Brexit: No Happy Endings; The EJIL Annual Foreword; EJIL on your iPad!!!; Vital Statistics; ICON. S Conference.European journal of international law= Journal europeen de droit international,26(1), pp.1-7. Bianchetti, M., Galli, D., Ricci, C., Salvatori, A. and Scaringi, M., 2016. Brexit or Bremain? Evidence from bubble analysis.Evidence from Bubble Analysis (June 20, 2016). Boulanger, P. and Philippidis, G., 2015. The End of a Romance? A Note on the Quantitative Impacts of a Brexitfrom the EU.Journal of Agricultural Economics,66(3), pp.832-842. Brugge, G.S., Perraton, J., Lindstrom, N., Evans, P.M., Lee, S., Quaglia, L., Erturk, I., Dannreuther, C., KCL, S.J. and Wilson, S., 2016, June. Britain and Europe: The political economy of Brexitin trade and finance Workshop at the University of York, 14 June 2016. InWorkshop at the University of York. Crafts, N., 2016. UK Economic Growth Performance in a European Context: Has EU Membership Made Much Difference?. Curry, S., 2016. What is the meaning of Brexit?.EMBO reports, p.e201643113. Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G. and Sampson, T., 2015. Should we stay or should we go? The economic consequences of leaving the EU.CEP Election Analysis Paper, (22). Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G., Sampson, T. and Van Reenen, J., 2016.Brexit: the impact on UK trade and living standards. Centre for Economic Performance, LSE. Fry, J., 2016. A statistical reaction to Brexit. Hume, T., 2016. Britains Labour Party in turmoil over Brexit vote results.CNN (June 27) https://edition. cnn. com/2016/06/26/europe/uk-brexit-labour-corbyn. Krause, T., Noth, F. and Tonzer, L., 2016. Brexit (probability) and effects on financial market stability. Wallace, H., Pollack, M.A. and Young, A.R. eds., 2015.Policy-making in the European Union. Oxford University Press, USA.Richardson, J. and Mazey, S. eds., 2015.European Union: power and policy-making. Routledge.

IPL †a Boon or Bane Essay Sample free essay sample

One of the most of import subjects of treatment in India and in the cricketing universe elsewhere is whether IPL or the Indian Premier League is a blessing or a curse to the game of cricket at big. Opinions vary. as is the instance with any cricketing inquiry in India and the figure of sentiments is equal to the figure of people. And as of all time. everyone would reason that there are both sides to the inquiry and therefore it is difficult to make a consensus. . Advantages* One of the most of import advantages of the IPL is that we can see a batch of international cricket participants playing in India and for Indian squads. * We. Indians have to larn to hearten for Mathew Hayden and Andrew Symonds. who are playing for Chennai and Hyderabad severally and who are by the way participants that we liked to detest. till late * The Indian participants. We will write a custom essay sample on IPL – a Boon or Bane Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page the childs. would surely larn a great trade from these international participants. who are thorough professionals. Sing Mike Hussey. the Chennai Super King batter. intermixing comfortably with participants like the Chennai born – Badrinath. is a existent dainty to watch * A batch of other participants. who were enemies while playing international cricket. are now good squad couples and are basking each others company. thanks to the IPL. * Some participants. who are now forced to uncover the best-kept secrets about the strengths and failings of their international teammates to their IPL squads. are happening it hard to get by with the new state of affairs is what we should understand from the remarks made by Andrew Symonds late. Problems associated with IPL* There are a batch of jobs besides with the IPL and the most of import one being the unsafe chance that the BCCI would itself fall back to loathsome patterns like lucifer repair to do the IPL lucifers more interesting and exciting. This is merely a really distant chance and hopefully such things won’t happen. but we have to be wary about such eldritch efforts by the BCCI. This is chiefly because the BCCI and the Chairman of IPL. LalitModi are both rather frenetic about using every chance to accumulate wealth and money with IPL. by any agencies. If such a thing happens. so it would be rather farcical for the game of cricket. * Yet another job with the IPL is that there is increased chance that participants in different states would look to retire from their international duties to take portion in IPL. as the latter is more moneymaking than the former one. * The money whirling IPL has invited a batch of contention in recent times. Two large guns LalitModi and ShashiTharoor were sacked owing to the contention ( probes pending ) . * when India crashed out of World T20 World Cup. the attending was back on IPL after an interval of mild silence. It is worth an review. Did IPL win in its end* The IPL was meant ( or publicized so ) to happen the local endowments from all over the state. It did happen many endowments like Rohit Sharma. Suresh Raina. PragyanOjha. Shaun Marsh†¦ But did IPL win in its end? Surely all the franchisees made money out of it. But did the original purpose to foster endowments win? At the terminal of the twenty-four hours. cricket is merely a game. Like every occupation has a self-respect. every game must besides hold its ain self-respect. Alternatively of maintaining the self-respect of cricket. what did IPL make? Late dark parties. cheer misss. lucifer fixing†¦ allegations continues†¦ . Even the squad manager and captain has come up against IPL. though mistily. The inquiry remains is. did IPL make good for Indain cricket? Or it merely turned out to be agencies to gloss over the blackmoney of the franchisees? Decision . Whatever may be the qualitative consequence of IPL on cricket at big. one must squeal that IPL is a really exciting signifier of cricket and is rather an amusement for the 1000000s of cricket lovers in India and the universe over. There is already some discontent among a batch of purists of cricket about the signifier of cricket that is being played in the IPL and there is besides some dissatisfaction on the engagement of â€Å"cheer leaders† in the IPL lucifers. But IPL and the 20-20 cricket format followed in this conference are truly exciting chances and anything that adds to the coloring material of it should be accepted. if it is legal.

Add Math Essay 2 Essays

Add Math Essay 2 Essays Add Math Essay 2 Essay Add Math Essay 2 Essay Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 Written By : Nurul Hazira Syaza Abas I/C : 940602-01-6676 Angka Giliran : School : SMK Kangkar Pulai Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve Numb| Title| Page| 1| Acknowledge| 1| 2| Objective| 2| 3| Introduction Part I| 3| 4| Mathematics In Cake Baking And Cake Decorating| 4 5| 5| Part II| 6 14| 6| Part III| 15 17| 7| Further Exploration| 18 21| 8| Reflection| 22 23| 9| Conclusion| 24| 10| Reference| 25| Table. of. Content Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve Acknowledge First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me the strength and health to do this project work. Not forgotten my parents for providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this project work and their advise, which is the most needed for this project. Internet, books, computers and all that. They also supported me and encouraged me to complete this task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it. Then I would like to thank my teacher, Puan Andek for guiding me and my friends throughout this project. We had some difficulties in doing this task, but he taught us patiently until we knew what to do. He tried and tried to teach us until we understand what we supposed to do with the project work. Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project with me and sharing our ideas. They were helpful that when we combined and discussed together, we had this task done. Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 1 Objective The aims of carrying out this project work are: * To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems * To improve thinking skills * To promote effective mathematical communication To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way that increases students’ interest and confidence * To use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely * To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning * To develop positive attitude towards mathematics Copyright 2011  ©. H azira Syaza, All Right Reserve 2 Introduction Part 1 Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are among favourite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and others. Cakes are treasured not only because of their onderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating Baking a cake offers a tasty way to practice math skills, such as fractions and ratios, in a real-world context. Many steps of baking a cake, such as counting ingredients and setting the oven timer, provide basic math practice for young children. Older children and teenagers can use more sophisticated math to solve baking dilemmas, such as how to make a cake recipe larger or smaller or how to determine what size slices you should cut. Practicing math while baking not only improves your math skills, it helps you become a more flexible and resourceful baker. Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 3 MATHEMATICS IN CAKE BAKING AND CAKE DECORATING GEOMETRY To determine suitable dimensions for the cake, to assist in designing and decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and designs, to estimate volume of cake to be produced When making a batch of cake batter, you end up with a certain volume, determined by the recipe. The baker must then choose the appropriate size and shape of pan to achieve the desired result. If the pan is too big, the cake becomes too short. If the pan is too small, the cake becomes too tall. This leads into the next situation. The ratio of the surface area to the volume determines how much crust a baked good will have. The more surface area there is, compared to the volume, the faster the item will bake, and the less inside there will be. For a very large, thick item, it will take a long time for the heat to penetrate to the center. To avoid having a rock-hard outside in this case, the baker will have to lower the temperature a little bit and bake for a longer time. We mix ingredients in round bowls because cubes would have corners where unmixed ingredients would accumulate, and we would have a hard time scraping them into the batter. Calculus (DIFFERENTIATION) To determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake-baking, to estimate min. or max. amount of cream needed for decorating, to estimate min. or max. Size of cake produced. Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 4 PROGRESSION To determine total weight/volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional dimensions, to estimate total ingredients needed for cake-baking, to estimate total amount of cream for decoration. For example when we make a cake with many layers, we must fix the difference of diameter of the two layers. So we can say that it used arithmetic progression. When the diameter of the first layer of the cake is 8? nd the diameter of second layer of the cake is 6? , then the diameter of the third layer should be 4?. In this case, we use arithmetic progression where the difference of the diameter is constant that is 2. When the diameter decreases, the weight also decreases. That is the way how the cake is balance to prevent it from smooch. We can also use ratio, because when we prepare the ingredient for each layer of the cake, we need to decrease its ratio from lower layer to upper layer. When we cut the cake, we can use fraction to devide the cake according to the total people that will eat the cake. Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 5 Part 11 Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teachers’ Day celebration. 1) If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 38000cm3, and the height of the cake is to be 7. 0 cm, the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school 3800 is Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake 3800 x 5 = (3. 142)( d/2)? x 7 1900/7 (3. 142) = ( d/2)? 863. 872 = (d/2 )? d/2 = 29. 392 d d = 58. 784 cm Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 2) The inner dimensions of oven: 80cm length, 60cm width, 45cm height a) The formula that formed for d in terms of h by using the formula for volume of cake, V = 19000 is: 19000 = (3. 142)(d/2)(d/2)   ? h 1900/(3. 142)2 = d   ? /4 24188. 415/h = d   ? d = 155. 53/ h Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 7 Height,h| Diameter,d| 1. 0| 155. 53| 2. 0| 109. 98| 3. 0| 89. 79| 4. 0| 77. 76| 5. 0| 69. 55| 6. 0| 63. 49| 7. 0| 58. 78| 8. 0| 54. 99| 9. 0| 51. 84| 10. 0| 49. 18| Table 1 b) i) h 7cm is NOT suitable, because the resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven. Furthermore, the cake would be too short and too wide, making it less attractive. b) ii) The most suitable dimensions (h and d) for the cake is h = 8cm, d = 54. 99cm, because it can fit into the oven, and the size is suitable for easy handling. c) i) The same formula in 2(a) is used, that is 19000 = (3. 142)( )? h. The same process is also used, that is, make d the subject. An equation which is suitable and relevant for the graph: Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 8 1900= (3. 1420(d/2)   ? h 119000/(3. 142)h = d   ? /4 24188. 415/h = d   ? d = 155. 53/ vh d = 155. 53h(1-/? ) log d = log 155. 3h(-1/? ) log d = (-1/? )log h + log 155. 53 Table of log d = (-1/? )log h + log 155. 53 Height,h| Diameter,d| Log h| Log d| 1. 0| 155. 53| 0. 00| 2. 19| 2. 0| 109. 98| 0. 30| 2. 04| 3. 0| 89. 79| 0. 48| 1. 95| 4. 0| 77. 76| 0. 60| 1. 89| 5. 0| 69. 55| 0. 70| 1. 84| 6. 0| 63. 49| 0. 78| 1. 80| 7. 0| 58. 78| 0. 85| 1. 77| 8. 0| 54. 99| 0. 90| 1. 74| 9. 0| 51. 84| 0. 95| 1. 71| 10. 0| 49. 18| 1. 0| 1. 69| Table 2 Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 9 Graph of log d against log h Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 10 ii) Based on the graph: a) d when h = 10. 5cm h = 10. 5cm, log h = 1. 21, log d = 1. 680, d = 47. 86cm b) h when d = 42cm d = 42cm, log d = 1. 623, log h = 1. 140, h = 13. 80cm 3) The cake with fresh cream, with uniform thickness 1cm is decorated a) The amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake, using the dimensions Ive suggested in 2(b)(ii) My answer in 2(b)(ii) ==; h = 8cm, d = 54. 99cm Amount of fresh cream = volume of fresh cream needed (area x height) Amount of fresh cream = volume of cream at the top surface + volume of cream at the side surface The bottom surface area of cake is not counted, because were decorating the visible part of the cake only (top and sides). Obviously, we dont decorate the bottom part of the cake Volume of cream at the top surface = Area of top surface x Height of cream = (3. 142)(54. 99/2) ? )x 1 = 2375 cm? Volume of cream at the side surface = Area of side surface x Height of cream = (Circumference of cake x Height of cake) x Height of cream = 2(3. 142)( 54. 99/2)(8) x 1 = 1382. 23 cm? Therefore, amount of fresh cream = 2375 + 1382. 23 = 3757. 23 cm? Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 11 c) Three other shapes (the shape of the base of the cake) for the cake with same height which is depends on the 2(b)(ii) and volume 19000cm? The volume of top surface is always the same for all shapes (since height is same), My answer (with h = 8cm, and volume of cream on top surface =1900/8 = 2375 cm? ) 19000 = base area x height base area = 1900/8 length x width = 2375 By trial and improvement, 2375 = 50 x 47. 5 (length = 50, width = 47. 5, height = 8) Therefore, volume of cream = 2(Area of left and right side surface)(Height of cream) + 2(Area of front and back side surface)(Height of cream) + volume of top surface = 2(50 x 8)(1) + 2(47. 5 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 3935 cm? Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 12 Triangle-shaped base 19000 = base area x height base area = 1900/8 base area = 2375 x length x width = 2375 length x width = 4750 By trial and improvement, 4750 = 95 x 50 (length = 95, width = 50) Slant length of triangle = v (95? + 25? )= 98. 23 Therefore, amount of cream = Area of rectangular front side surface(Height of cream) + 2(Area of slant rectangular left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + Volume of top surface = (50 x 8)(1) + 2(98. 23 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 4346. 68 cm? Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 13 3 – Pentagon Shaped Base 19000 = base area x height ase area = 2375 = area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon therefore: 2375 = 5(length x width) 475 = length x width By trial and improvement, 475 = 25 x 19 (length = 25, width = 19) Therefore, amount of cream = 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + vol. of top surface = 5(19 x 8) + 2375 = 3135 cm? c) Based on the values above, the shape that require the least amount of fresh cream to be used is: Pentagon-shaped cake, since it requires only 3135 cm? of cream to be used. Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 14 Part III When theres minimum? or maximum? well, theres differentiation and quadratic functions. The minimum height, h and its corresponding minimum diameter, d is calculated by using the differentiation and function. Method 1: Differentiation Two equations for this method: the formula for volume of cake (as in 2(a)), and the formula for amount (volume) of cream to be used for the round cake (as in 3(a)). 19000 = (3. 142)r? h (1) V = (3. 142)r? + 2(3. 142)rh (2) From (1): h =19000/(3. 142)r? (3) Sub. (3)into (2): V=(3. 142)r? +2(3. 142)r(19000/(3. 142)r? ) V=(3. 142)r? +(38000/r) V=(3. 142)r? +38000r-1 (dV/dr)=2(3. 142)r-(38000/r? ) 0=2(3. 142)r-(38000/r? minimun value therefore dv/dr=0 38000/r? =2(3. 142)r 38000/2(3. 142)=r^3 6047. 104=r^3 R=18. 22 Sub. r = 18. 22 into (3) H=19000/(3. 142)(18. 22) Therefore,h = 18. 22cm,d=2r=2(18. 22)=36. 44cm Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 15 Method 2 : Quadratic Functions Two same equations as in Method 1,but only the formula for amount of cream is the main equation used as the quadratic functions. Let f(r)=volume of cream,r = radius of round cake: 19000 = (3. 142)r ? h (1) F(r)=(3. 142)r ? +2(3. 142)hr (2) From (2): F(r) = (3. 142)(r ? +2hr) factorize (3. 142) = (3. 142)[(r+2h/2) ? (2h/2) ? ] completing square,with a =(3. 142),b=2h and c=0 = (3. 142)[(r+h) ? -h ? ] = (3. 142)(r+h) ? -(3. 142)h ? (a=(3. 142)(positive indicates min. value),min. value = f(r)=-(3. 142)h ? ,corresponding value of x = r = -h) Sub. r =-h into (1): 19000=(3. 142)(h) ? h h^3=6047. 104 h=18. 22 Sub. h=188. 22 into (1) 19000=(3. 142)r ? (18. 22) r ? =331. 894 r=18. 22) therefore,h=18. 22cm,d=2r=2(18. 22)=36. 44cm Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 16 I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its dimensions are not suitable (the height is too high) and therefore less attractive. Furthermore, such cakes are difficult to handle easily. Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 17 Futher Exploration Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 18 Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2. The height of each cake is 6. 0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31. 0 cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cake is 10% less than the radius of the second cake and so on. Given: height, h of each cake = 6cm radius of largest cake = 31cm adius of 2nd cake = 10% smaller than 1st cake radius of 3rd cake = 10% smaller than 2nd cake 31, 27. 9, 25. 11, 22. 599,†¦ a = 31, r = 9/10 V = (3. 142)r? h, a) By using the formula for volume V = (3. 142)r? h, with h = 6 to get the volume of cakes. Volume of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th cakes: Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 19 Radius of 1st cake = 31, volume of 1s t cake = (3. 142)(31)? (6) = 18116. 772 Radius of 2nd cake = 27. 9, 9, volume of 2nd cake = (3. 142)(27. 9)? (6) 14674. 585 Radius of 3rd cake = 25. 11, Radius of 4th cake = 22. 59 volume of 3rd cake = (3. 42)(25. 11)? (6) 11886. 414 , volume of 4th cake = (3. 142)(22. 599)? (6) 9627. 995 The volumes form number pattern: 18116. 772, 14674. 585, 11886. 414, 9627. 995,†¦ (it is a geometric progression with first term, a = 18116. 772 and ratio, r = T2/T1 = T3 /T2 = †¦ = 0. 81) b) The total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg ( total mass ; 15 kg, change to volume: total volume ; 57000 cm? ), so the maximum number of cakes that needs to be baked is Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 20 Sn =(a(1-rn))/(1-r) Sn = 57000, a = 18116. 772 and r = 0. 81 57000 =(18116. 22(1-(0. 81)n))/(1-0. 81) 1 0. 81n = 0. 59779 0. 40221 = 0. 81n og0. 81 0. 40221 = n n=log0. 40221/log0. 81 n = 4. 322 therefore, n ~ 4 Verifying the answer: When n = 5: S5 = (18116. 772(1 ( 0. 81)5)) / (1 0. 81) = 62104. 443 ; 57000 (Sn ; 57000, n = 5 is not suitable) When n = 4: S4 = (18116. 772(1- (0. 81)4)) / (1 -0. 81) = 54305. 767 ; 57000 (Sn ; 57000, n = 4 is suitable) Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 21 Reflection Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 22 TEAM IS IMPORTANT! BE HELPFUL ALWAYS READY TO LEARN NEW THINGS BE A HARDWORKING STUDENT Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 23 CONCLUSION * Geometry is the study of angles and triangles, perimeter, area and volume. It differs from algebra in that one develops a logical structure where mathematical relationships are proved and applied. * An arithmetic progression (AP) or arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers such that the difference of any two successive members of the sequence is a constant * A geometric progression, also known as a geometric sequence, is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying he previous one by a fixed non-zero number called the common ratio * Differentiation is essentially the process of finding an equation which will give you the gradient (slope, rise over run, etc. ) at any point along the curve. Say you have y = x^2. The equation y = 2x will give you the gradient of y at any point along that curve. Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 24 REFERENC E * Wikipedia * one-school. net/ * Additional Mathematics text book form 4 and form 5 Copyright 2011  ©. Hazira Syaza, All Right Reserve 25

Ten Ways to Avoid Gender Bias

Ten Ways to Avoid Gender Bias Ten Ways to Avoid Gender Bias Ten Ways to Avoid Gender Bias By Mark Nichol How do you write around the outmoded usage of the pronoun he or him when a male is not necessarily the subject of the reference? Here are ten strategies none ideal in every circumstance for achieving gender neutrality. 1. Use He or She Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask the student whether he or she is prepared to give a presentation.† This solution is stiffly formal and is awkward in repetition; use sparingly. Using he/she, s/he, or any such alternative (or an invented neutral pronoun like ze) is not advised. 2. Alternate Between He and She Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation. If he is ready, tell him that he may begin when he is ready.† After: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation. If she is ready, tell her that she may begin when she is ready.† This solution works only in the case of two or more references to a hypothetical subject of either gender. In the proximity of the references in the examples, this solution is awkward, but when the references are at some distance from each other, it can be effective in moderation. 3. Omit the Pronoun Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask whether the student is prepared to give a presentation.† This revision does not clearly indicate whether the student or another person is being asked; writers must recognize and respond to such lack of clarity if it affects comprehension. 4. Repeat the Noun in Place of the Pronoun Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask the student whether the student is prepared to give a presentation.† When the noun is repeated in the proximity shown above, the sentence is awkward; in a more complex sentence, the repetition may not seem so obvious. 5. Use a Plural Antecedent for the Pronoun Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask the students whether they are prepared to give their presentations.† Employing a plural noun and a plural pronoun may change the meaning somewhat; writers must be alert as to which other nouns, if any, should be made plural as well. 6. Replace the Pronoun with an Article Before: â€Å"Ask the student to prepare his presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask the student to prepare a presentation.† 7. Revise the Sentence to Use the Pronoun One Before: â€Å"A prepared student is more likely to succeed than if he has not done sufficient research.† After: â€Å"A prepared student is more likely to succeed than an unprepared one.† 8. Revise the Sentence to Use the Pronoun Who Before: â€Å"A student is more likely to succeed if he does sufficient research.† After: â€Å"A student who does sufficient research is more likely to succeed.† 9. Revise the Sentence to the Imperative Mood Before: â€Å"A student must be well prepared for his presentation.† After: â€Å"Be well prepared for the presentation.† 10. Use a Plural Pronoun Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask the student whether they are prepared to give a presentation.† Many writers reject this solution because traditional grammar rules frown on using a plural pronoun when the antecedent is a singular noun. However, the bewildering absence of a gender-neutral plural pronoun in English calls for a radical solution. This one is widely used in informal writing and in conversation, and it’s commonsensical to welcome it in formal writing. That welcome, however, has not yet been forthcoming, and, regrettably, writers should use the plural pronouns them and they in place of singular pronouns with caution. Some writers reject the notion that one should avoid gender-specific pronouns in universal contexts at all. After all, why change long-standing usage that has only recently been challenged? But these writers, though sensible in the logic of their argument, are culturally insensitive and, ultimately, are on the wrong side of linguistic history. I hope, too, that integration of the singular they and them in any usage will eventually occur. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesDisappointed + PrepositionPreposition Mistakes #1: Accused and Excited

Psalms Description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psalms Description - Essay Example Chapter 9 begins by saying a man will have many years added to his life who fears the Lord.   Proverbs four through seven teach about lessons or warnings against adultery, and lust. Chapter one begins with instruction not to follow the evil path. The Word says in verse twenty-three that we should guard our hearts because it is the wellspring of life. Then Chapter one continues the discussion about the lust of the eyes. Proverbs 1:24-27 says"Put away perversity from your mouth; keep corrupt talk far from your lips. Let your eyes look straight ahead, fix your gaze directly before you. Make level paths for your feet and take only ways that are firm. Do not swerve to the right or the left; keep your foot from evil." Chapter five again has a warning against adultery. Proverbs 5:3-5, discusses adultery in the following words. "For the lips of an adulteress drip honey, and her speech is smoother than oil; but in the end, she is bitter as gall, sharp as a double-edged sword. Her feet go down to death; her steps lead straight to the grave." Proverbs in chapter six tell us to flee like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter. Proverbs in chapter fourteen through sixteen teaches us about wrath and anger. The fear of the Lord is mentioned throughout these three chapters. ... The Proverbs speak many times about the dangers of pride. If you boil all sin down the root of sin is pride. The fall of man can even be traced back to pride. The Word says "Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall." Proverbs 16:5 goes even further and says, "The Lord detests all the proud of heart." Furthermore, the Lord says humility comes before honor, and He will show grace to the humble. The Word speaks about gossip and how distractive this can be a friendship. This essay will discuss friendship and faithfulness related to Proverbs in chapter twenty-seven through thirty-one. Proverbs 27:6 tells us," Wounds from a friend can be trusted, but an enemy multiplies kisses." This proverb tells us that a true friend will speak the truth in love. Proverbs 31 describes a wife of noble character and reveals faithfulness in love and marriage in the following words, "A wife of noble character who can find She is worth far more than rubies. Her husband has full confidence in her and lacks nothing of value. She brings him good, not harm, all the days of her life." Proverbs 31:10-12. The Walvoord commentary gave a detailed exposition concerning the date and authorship of the Book. The introduction part of the commentary explained in detail the historical background and the literary style of Proverbs. The author of the commentary also pointed out that Solomon had written 3,000 proverbs as stated in 1 Kings. The exposition commentary went into detail about the themes of the Book of Proverbs.  

Membranophones Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Membranophones - Assignment Example Nonetheless, the Greeks did not have much use of the drums, unlike the Romans who used it in their armies and in their orchestras. They, however, neglected the patterns and rhythms that the Africans had developed but after their fall and invasion of the Moor, the rhythm was reinstated. The Moor used a different type of membrane for the drums. Unlike with the Africans who used animal skins, the Moor used the animal intestines. This made the drums make more distinct sounds unlike those of prior times, which formed the basis for the genesis of the physics of drums in the period of the Middle Ages. In the current age, however, we use metal strings instead of the animal intestines alongside other designs. The evolution of the modern drum of bass originated from different parts of the world. For instance, the Indians used the bass drums and it was taken to Europe through the Turkish trade routes. It then became a main instrument in the European culture due its large sound and application i n daily routines. The Europeans then went into North America to set up colonies and used the drums in numerous situations. The incoming of the slaves from Africa led to the incorporation of the missing patterns and rhythm. I like the drum due to it bass effect and makes the sound have a masculine effect. I suppose I also like the base since when I grew up, most of the music I used to listen to would be rated highly or lowly depending on the quality of the base and beats it had which resonates well with the beats of the drum.

The Role of Tragedy in Early Greek Legacy Essay Example for Free

The Role of Tragedy in Early Greek Legacy Essay Tragedies have been a big and important part of Greek culture and history. Greek tragedies are dramas performed before a large audience, usually during festivities of gods, that narrate the story of a hero and all the unusual challenges and sufferings that he has to go through in order to achieve something or learn an important lesson. Tragedies usually have complex plots wherein disasters happen one after the other and their resolutions reveal important lessons or realizations. These dramas have apparently started around the 5th century BCE, a pivotal time in Greek history that also marked a lot of their other contributions like democracy. Thespis, known as the father of drama, introduced the idea of one actor acting on stage that started the flourishing of tragic dramas (â€Å"Greek Tragic Drama†). Later on, three masters of tragedy emerged namely Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Many of the tragedies that have survived from their time were written by these men who made Greek tragedies a real part of literature. But tragedies are not merely stories popularized just to be performed before an audience. Tragedies serve as an important expression of culture and creativity of Greek society. They are well supported by the Greek society because tragedies serve as means of reminding the Greeks of the moral lessons values that their culture upholds and believes in. The arrival of tragedies was in Greece was a very significant timing in history because it was around the time when Greek culture gaining momentum and flourishing. The â€Å"great surge in creativity catalyzed the concept of the Greek tragedy† (Reed 1). It encouraged the creation of dramas with crucial themes by presenting them as one of the highlights of festivities. A tragedy usually â€Å"depicts the downfall of a noble hero or heroine, usually through some combination of hubris, fate, and the will of the gods† (â€Å"Tragedy: the Basics†). Heroes are great men and women but remains imperfect humans capable of doing good and committing mistakes. They are not totally good nor totally bad, but they are usually prominent or greater than other people around them. They are also packaged as people destined to experience big transformations in their lives. Tragedies became avenues for the creative minds of playwrights to let their imagination and talent out. In the Greek society, tragedies also function as â€Å"lessons in behavior† because of the way they incorporate moral teachings into the changes of the lives of the heroes (Reed 1). The trials, successes, failures, and losses that the heroes experience serve as effective teaching tools for the Greeks. Tragedies convey different realities and some of the most common themes they present are that â€Å"actions do not go unpunished, and the gods work in mysterious – an often ironic – ways† (Reed 2). Since the characters of tragedies are not always perfectly virtuous, they are given certain tasks that challenge and influence the actions they take in their lives. The twists in the plots also give constant reminder of the intertwined quality of human life and the power of the wills of the gods. Tragedies function as manifestations of the reality that life is never perfect for men. They also serve as reminders for Greeks of the different experiences that could possibly happen to a human person, giving them idea what path should one take and what should be avoided. Tragedies are very easy to appreciate despite having heavy themes because they deal with specific instances of life. They revolve around adventures in families, in battles, and in religion. Tragedies usually follow relationships of people with others and with their gods as guides for their plots. Divine presence in everything in this world is a very significant character of Greek culture and many tragedies highlight the importance of faith in ones daily life. Tragedies are very important to the Greek society because they give lessons about virtue and warnings how people should live their life morally by using immense disasters that complicate a heros life. It is not easy being a hero in a Greek tragedy although â€Å"the hero need not die at the end, but he or she must undergo a change in fortune† in order to understand and live out the the different virtues of the Greek society (â€Å"Tragedy: the Basics†). The goal of every tragedy is to make the audience see what may come out with good values and what are the probable tragic events for every mistake or wrong action. These are specific warnings or reminders about life, about the use of power, and about morality as a part of everyday life. â€Å"Greek tragedies speak volumes about the lives of those dwelling in this ancient society† (Reed 3). They are representations of what was the culture of Greece in its early years. Through their plots, their characters, and the ideals incorporated in their stories, tragedies are able to preserve the culture and beliefs that the Greeks have. Tragedies have a unique way of teaching and passing on knowledge to people through the presentations on the stage. The Greeks â€Å"responded so well to this approach because their core values are being addressed in a way that enables everyone to participate† (Reed 3). Performed art was very close to the hearts of this creative and rich nation. â€Å"Classic Greek drama was a community art, not a business venture† and the dramatists are regarded with high importance in their society (â€Å"Greek Tragic Drama†). Tragedies serve the effective purpose of educating people about examples of moral actions, cleansing of souls, and other related religious and virtuous beliefs. Another significance of these tragedies is that they bind the Greeks together as one society. Tragedies are affairs that serve as a â€Å"community gathering largely sponsored by the government†(Reed 1). Presentations usually take a form of contests and have emerged to become annual events in Ancient Greece. Large venues are allotted for them because â€Å"performance of tragedies fostered a sense of community amongst the Greek people†and every citizen in the society are expected to witness them. Therefore, performances of tragedies gather thousands of people together to performances that entertain and educate, effectively passing on of political and religious messages promoted in Greek culture. Although very entertaining and usually presented in festivals, tragedies were not intended only for entertainment purposes only for they also unit the Greeks as one community. â€Å"With so many individuals, ranging from prominent politicians to peasants, a tragedy was something all people could share† (Reed 3). In a theater where tragedies are performed, people from different classes, educated or not educated, men and women, are all given the chance to appreciate and witness the tragic dramas. And through these events, people learn more about the roles of their government, their communities, and their religion in their lives. Tragedies are considered very important and significant in Greek society. Indeed, they are capable of making people more responsible in their roles in their communities and more respectful of their gods. Greek tragedies are also expressions of devotion to their gods because they describe the important role that gods play in the lives of humans. Today, a lot of tragedies still prevails and recognized as some of the most important contributions of the Greek civilization to people. They were elaborately supported by the Greek society because of the benefits they were able to share in making their community educated, prosperous, and peaceful. Tragedies usually challenge ideas of too much pride, injustice, foolishness, and other human flaws. They encourage knowledge and moral living. Tragedies present frank and definite examples of what happen to people who question the powers of gods or the intentions of the government. Because of this, they are able to nurture a citizenship well aware of the purpose and significance of their culture. Works Cited â€Å"Greek Tragic Drama. † Memphis University School. n. d. Web. 20 July, 2010. Retrieved from http://faculty. musowls. org/Sheltont/Literature/HO(gtd). htm. Reed, Sloane. â€Å"The Critical Role Greek Tragedies Played in Greek Society. † Associated Content. com 13 Nov. 2008. Web. 20 July 2010. Retrieved from http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/1180307/the_critical_role_greek_tragedies_played_pg3. html? cat=37. â€Å"Tragedy: the Basics. † Grand Valley State University. 2008. Web. 20 July 2010. Retrieved

How does Miller use Alfieri to inspire Sympathy for Eddie? Essay

How does Miller use Alfieri to inspire Sympathy for Eddie? How successful is he? In his play â€Å"A View from the Bridge†, Arthur Miller intends us to feel sympathy towards the protagonist, Eddie Carbone. Miller wants the audience to view Eddie positively, however Eddie displays negative personality traits like aggression, violence and over-protectiveness therefore there is a conflict between how Miller wants us to feel, that Eddie is a tragic hero, and how he actually does behave. The narrator Alfieri is deployed to often defend or explain Eddie’s actions. After Eddie has shown a negative characteristic, Alfieri is deployed to get the audience back on Eddie’s side. Without Alfieri, the audience would dislike Eddie and would immediately reject him. The audience’s views towards Eddie are constantly shifting throughout the play. Miller, like many playwrights, was influenced by Greek theatre. Alfieri’s role is similar to the way the chorus operated in Greek tragedy because he comments on the action throughout the play. Our first impressions of Alfieri are positive. In the ancillary text, he is described as, â€Å"a lawyer in his fifties† which suggests that he is an educated and mature man. Alfieri is well dressed in a suit and is very well mannered. It is extremely important that the audience likes and trusts Alfieri if he is to influence the audience’s views of Eddie during the play. This is why Alfieri is dressed smartly and looks experienced right at the beginning of the play. He speaks directly to the audience in an approachable and friendly way using the personal pronoun â€Å"you† which shows that he is trying to build a rapport with the audience right from the start of the play. Alfieri is articulate a... ...e is an element of contradiction to Alfieri’s final words because he believes that it is wise to compromise and yet he loves Eddie who refused to. This shows that it is not possible to have a fixed view on Eddie throughout the whole play. Miller uses Alfieri to constantly shift the audience’s view of Eddie by deploying Alfieri every time Eddie shows a negative trait. I think Alfieri finally does inspire sympathy for Eddie although some people may not sympathise with him but completely dislike him because of his negative behaviour. This is Miller’s intention throughout the play because of his use of Alfieri. I do not sympathise with Eddie but i pity him because he knew no better and he was a product of his cultural background. Eddie was not fully equipped for the predicament he faced and his limited intellect led to a tragic event at the end of the play.

Georg Ohm

Georg Simon Ohm was born on March 16th, 1789. He died on July 6th, 1854. He was a German physicist. As a high school teacher, Ohm began his research with the recently invented electrochemical cell [ (Unknown. ) ] Using his own equipment, Ohm determined that there is a connection between the electrical forces (voltage) applied across a conductor and the resultant electric current. This known as Ohm’s law, which is named after him. Ohm was born in Erlangen, Bavaria. His parents were Johann Wolfgang Ohm and Maria Elizabeth Beck. They were Protestants. Although his parents were not really educated, Ohm's father educated himself enough to have Ohm home schooled. His mother died when he was ten. From early childhood, Georg and his brother Martin, a well-known mathematician, were both taught by their father in math, physic, and chemistry. Georg Simon attended Erlangen Gymnasium from age eleven to fifteen (Unknown. ) His father, concerned that his son was wasting the educational opportunity, sent Ohm to Switzerland. Then in September 1806, he started as a math teacher (Britannica. Karl Christian van Langsdorf left the University of Erlangen in early 1809 to go to the University of Heidelberg. Ohm wanted to go with him to Heidelberg to restart his math studies. Langsdorf told Ohm to continue with his studies of mathematics on his own. Rather reluctantly Ohm took his advice but he left his teaching post in Gottstadt bei Nydau in March 1809 to become a private tutor in Neuchatel. For two years he carried out his duties as a tutor while he followed Langsdorf's advice and continued his private study of mathematics. Then in April 1811 he returned to the University of Erlangen. His studies had stood him in good position for his receiving a doctorate from Erlangen on 25 October 1811 and immediately joined the staff as a mathematics lecturer. After three semesters Ohm gave up his university post because of unpromising prospects while he couldn't make both ends meet with the lecturing post. The Bavarian government offered him a post as a teacher of mathematics and physics at a poor quality school in Bamberg and he took up the post there in January 1813. Feeling unhappy with his job, Georg devoted to writing an elementary book on Geometry as a way to prove his true ability. The school was then closed down in February 1816. The Bavarian government sent him to an overcrowded school in Bamberg to help out with the mathematics teaching. After that, he sent the manuscript to King Wilhelm III of Prussia upon its completion. The King was satisfied with Georg's work and he offered Ohm a position at a Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne on 11 September 1817. Thanks to the school's reputation for science education, Ohm found himself required to teach physics as well as mathematics. Luckily, the physics lab was well-equipped, so Ohm devoted himself to experimenting on physics. Being the son of a locksmith, Georg had some practical experience with mechanical equipment. He published Die galvanishe Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet in 1827, which in English is The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically. Cologne's Jesuit College did not laud his work and Ohm resigned his professorial position there and instead applied to and was employed by the Polytechnic school of Nuremberg. He came to the polytechnic school of Nuremberg in 1833, and in 1852 became professor of experimental physics in the university of Munich, where he later died. He is buried in the Alter Sudfriedhof in Munich.

Eulogy of Piggy Essay

Hello, my name is Ralph. We gather here today to remember our dearest friend, Piggy. Piggy was a misunderstood, brave boy with a big heart, only wanting what was best for his friends, who’s been taken from us by savagery, stupidity and pride. I hadn’t met Piggy before the crash. All I remember was waking up after it happened, and found a boy lying near a tree. When I walked over to him, we introduced each other. I told him my name was Ralph, and waited for a reply in return. But he hesitated to tell me his name was Piggy, as he thought I would I would tease him, but I told him that I would never tease him about it. Later we found the conch to help us locate the other boys who had survived. When we went around introducing ourselves to the others, they weren’t so lenient on teasing Piggy. Piggy was a strong and good hearted boy, especially when the others teased him, took his glasses or talked over him. Even though Jack and his hunters again and again pushed him to the edge, he would stand strong and not lose his temper, and I greatly respect him for not letting his pride or emotions give in to the bullies. Another thing I valued in Piggy was that he was always supportive in the things I did, even if they went wrong or if Jack had something negative to say about it. Piggy had so many good qualities, that no one ever noticed which will be greatly regretted by many. To be truly truthful, Piggy was the closet thingy I had to a best friend, and it kills me to know that I will never see him again, and I guess if he was here with us today, he would say keep you head up Ralph, and everything will be alright. Piggy will be sorely missed.

Government on Computer Scams Essays

Government on Computer Scams Essays Government on Computer Scams Essay Government on Computer Scams Essay Computer scams entail the following: â€Å"1) computer network break-ins; 2) industrial espionage; 3) software piracy; 4) child pornography; 5) mail bombings; 6) password sniffers; 7) spoofing; 8) credit card fraud; 9) ‘phising’; 10) evil twin; 11) etc† (Computer.., n.d.).Although, there are so many things that the government provided to serve as preventive measures for the people, including the following: â€Å"not to provide personal information including mother’s maiden name, passwords, social security numbers to anyone, to be familiar with people being dealt with, to shred personal info, etc†, it is still the governments responsibility to regulate computer scams (Computer.., n.d.).First of all, it is the government’s responsibility to protect its citizens from danger (Computer.., n.d.).Second, Congress passed internet laws including: â€Å"1) The Communications Decency Act; 2) The Child Online Protection Act; 3) Th e Child’s Internet Protection Act† (National.., 2003). The aforementioned have been passed to address the problem on child pornography on the internet, that is why these should be properly and strictly implemented to regulate if not totally stop such unfortunate events (National.., 2003).Third, the people from the government are the typical ones who have the capacity to go after the ones involved in computer scams; the government have special tools to be able to captivate these people, stop them from carrying out their illegal activities and maybe even lock them up (National.., 2003).Last but not least, the government has the capability of monitoring the internet to be able to keep people away from cyber attacks, for instance, it can â€Å"install a monitoring capability that permits the law enforcers to interrupt and map out or search for traffic through the use of a court order† (National.., 2003). This is why the government should be involved in the regulation of computer scams (National.., 2003).

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 1

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 1 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In The Great Gatsby, Chapter 1, the table is set, both figuratively and literally. Figurative table setting includes meeting our narrator, Nick Carraway, and getting a sense of the wealthy Long Island neighborhood where the novel will take place. Literal table setting - well, that’s the dinner Nick has with his cousin Daisy, her husband Tom, and their friend (and Nick’s eventual love interest) Jordan Baker. Keep reading tolearn more about what happens in this chapter, understand how it touches on the novel’s main themes, and see close readings of key quotations! Quick Note on Our Citations Our citation format in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're using this system since there are many editions of Gatsby, so using page numbers would only work for students with our copy of the book. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. The Great GatsbyChapter 1 Summary Nick Carraway introduces himself as a nonjudgmental observer of other people who has recently returned to his home in a wealthy Midwestern family from the East Coast after a devastating disappointment. This disappointment is the story he is about to tell, which happened two years before. After graduating from Yale, and fighting in WWI, Nick decides to become a bond trader and moves near NYC. Nick rents a house in West Egg, a Long Island suburb that is less fashionable than East Egg, which lies across the Long Island Sound. His tiny, cheap bungalow is next to Gatsby’s enormous, tacky mansion. Nick goes to have dinner with his cousin Daisy and her extremely rich husband Tom Buchanan, whom he knows slightly from Yale.Their house is overwhelmingly decorated. Tom is gruff, aggressive, and physically intimidating. Daisy and her friend Jordan Baker are wearing white dresses that look like balloons in the breeze.Daisy laughs a lot and speaks in a low, extremely appealing voice. Their conversation is scattered and shallow, and everyone talks over each other. During dinner, Tom suddenly reveals himself to be a racist, influenced by a book that argues that the â€Å"dominant white race† is in danger of being overwhelmed by minorities.The phone rings for Tom. After he goes to answer it, Daisy seems upset and leaves the room.Jordan tells Nick that the phone call is from Tom’s mistress in New York.The rest of dinner is tense and awkward and makes Nick feel like he should call the police. After dinner, Daisy takes Nick aside and tells him that she has become cynical.Nick asks Daisy about her two-year-old daughter. Daisy doesn’t seem to have any maternal feelings. When she found out that she had given birth to a daughter, Daisy’s first reaction was to cry. She hopes her daughter will grow up to be a â€Å"beautiful fool† (1.8).Despite the fact that Daisy seems to be baring her soul to him, Nick thinks this display of misery is some kind of an act. Daisy and Nick rejoin Tom and Jordan, and Nick realizes that Jordan is a relatively famous professional golfer. He’s seen her in magazines and has heard an unpleasant story about her. After Jordan goes to bed, Daisy matter-of-factly tells Nick to start a romantic relationship with Jordan. Tom, meanwhile, tells Nick not to believe anything Daisy told him when she took him aside.Tom and Daisy ask Nick about a rumor that he was engaged. Nick denies it. This rumor is actually one of the reasons he has come East. Nick leaves the house confused about why Daisy doesn’t simply take her daughter and leave Tom. However, he can see that she has no intention of doing so. Back at his house, Nick sees the figure of Gatsby outside his mansion. Nick thinks about introducing himself, but refrains when he sees Gatsby stretching his arms out toward a green light on the opposite shore of the bay. The green light on Daisy’s dock: an aurora borealis only Gatsby can see. Key Chapter 1 Quotes In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I've been turning over in my mind ever since. "Whenever you feel like criticizing any one," he told me, "just remember that all the people in this world haven't had the advantages that you've had." (1.1-2) The opening lines of the book color how we understand Nick’s description of everything that happens in the novel. Nickwants to present himself as a wise, objective, nonjudgmental observer, but in the course of the novel, as we learn more and more about him, we realize that he is snobby and prejudiced. In fact, it is probably because he knows this about himself that he is so eager to start the story he is telling with a long explanation of what makes him the best possible narrator. Gatsby turned out all right at the end; it is what preyed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men. (1.4) This is how Nick sums up Gatsby before we have even met him, before we’ve heard anything about his life. As you read the book, think about how this information informsthe way you’re responding to Gatsby’s actions. How much of what we see about Gatsby is colored by Nick’s predetermined conviction that Gatsby is a victim whose â€Å"dreams† were â€Å"preyed on†? It often feels like Nick is relying on the reader’s implicit trust of the narrator to spin Gatsby, make him come across as very sympathetic, and gloss over his flaws. "Well, it's a fine book, and everybody ought to read it. The idea is if we don't look out the white race will be- will be utterly submerged. It's all scientific stuff; it's been proved." "Well, these books are all scientific," insisted Tom, glancing at her impatiently. "This fellow has worked out the whole thing. It's up to us who are the dominant race to watch out or these other races will have control of things." (1.78-80) Tom says this at dinner about a book he’s really into. Tomis introduced as a bully and a bigot from the very beginning, and his casual racism here is a good indicator of his callous disregard for human life. We will see that his affinity for being â€Å"dominant† comes into play whenever he interacts with other people. At the same time, however, Tom tends to surround himself with those who are weaker and less powerful - probably the better to lord his physical, economic, and class power over them. â€Å"I'm glad it's a girl. And I hope she'll be a fool- that's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.† (1.8) Daisytells Nick that these are the first words she said after giving birth to her daughter. This funny and depressing take on what it takes to succeed as a woman in Daisy’s world is a good lens into why she acts the way she does. Because she has never had to struggle for anything, because of her material wealth and the fact that she has no ambitions or goals, her life feels empty and meaningless to her. In a way, this wish for her daughter to be a â€Å"fool† is coming from a good place. Based on her own experiences, she assumes that a woman who is too stupid to realize that her life is pointless will be happier than one (like Daisy herself) who is restless and filled with existential ennui (which is a fancy way of describing being bored of one’s existence). But I didn't call to him for he gave a sudden intimation that he was content to be alone- he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and far as I was from him I could have sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seaward- and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock. (1.152) The first time Nick sees him, Gatsby is making this half-prayerful gesture to the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock. This is our first glimpse of his obsession and his quest for the unobtainable. Gatsby makes this reaching movement several times throughout the book, each time because something he has strived for is just out of his grasp. I guess what I’m saying is that Jay Gatsby is a walking, talking demotivational poster. Chapter 1 Analysis Now, let's discuss the way this chapter works with the novel's themes, and also which major character events are key to take away from it. Themes and Symbols Society and Class. Right away, we see the difference between West Egg, the town of the vulgar nouveau riche and those driven by ambition to become them, and East Egg, the place where the old money elite lives in more classy luxury. Nick is hyper-aware of class differences when he has lunch with Daisy and Tom. Everything about them, from their house and its decor, to the way Daisy and Jordan flop on the furniture in carefree boredom, shows how incredibly wealthy and pampered they are. At the same time, Daisy’s half-joking remarks about her boredom and her cynicism show the darker side of having whatever you want whenever you want it - there stops being much point to life. Love and Relationships. Nick has several insights into Tom and Daisy’s dysfunctional marriage. First, that Tom is having an affair so indiscreet that everyone including Jordan knows about it. Second, that Daisy is clearly miserable about Tom’s cheating. But finally - and most importantly - that Daisy simply will not leave no matter how terrible she feels about his behavior. Their relationship, however flawed, works for the two of them - something Nick figures out almost immediately when he sees them standing next to each other as he leaves. This foreshadowing is crucial to keep in mind as we watch Gatsby’s attempt to win Daisy over. The Green Light. This chapter marks our first encounter with one of the most important symbols in the novel: the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock to which Gatsby assigns almost indescribable value. This light stands for everything that has been driving him over the past five years: the desire to be with Daisy, the quest for enough money to marry her, and the delusion that she has been as obsessed with him as he has been with her. The American Dream. More universally, this desire to obtain something that is forever just out of reach - and arguably can never actually be reached - is true for many of the novel’s characters as they pursue their versions of the American Dream (the idea that hard work alone will guarantee success). Reach exceeds grasp? Check. Unrealistic - nay, delusional - goal? Check. Yup, that pretty much sums up the American Dream as described by this novel. Crucial Character Beats Nick moves from the Midwest to West Egg, next door to Gatsby. He’s sick of his boring Midwestern life and wants to recapture some of the excitement of fighting in WWI. Nick has dinner with Daisy and Tom. They are rich, and their lives seem totally meaningless. Tom displays his racist ideas and Daisy displays a total lack of maternal feelings. Nick learns that Tom is having an affair, he figures out that Daisy is unhappy but will never leave Tom, and he meets Jordan Baker, who will become his romantic interest. What’s Next? Wondering why the book starts the way it does? For example, what does Nick’s dad’s advice mean? And what’s with that strange poem Fitzgerald uses as an epigraph? Check out the explanation of the novel’s beginning. Did you know that this wasn’t Fitzgerald’s first choice of title? Learn more about the history and meaning of the title. Move on to the summary of Chapter 2or go back to the overview of the whole novel. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Advertising Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advertising Research - Essay Example The different academic disciplines help in understanding these differences among the consumers. In this paper, three academic disciplines and their role in advertising research would be discussed. Psychology, perhaps, has the greatest role to play in Advertising research. The main purpose of advertising is to attract the customer and increase awareness of the brand through advertisement. In order to attract the customer, advertisers needs to understand the minds of the consumer. Consumers, nowadays, have placed a barrier around themselves and they have a cynic attitude towards advertising (Nyilasy and Reid, 2009). However, this has not changed anything. Advertisers still use advertising to reach and the customer. Many of the ads that consumers are exposed to make no impact on the product sales but sometimes an ad connects with the consumers and product sales increase directly as a result of the advertisement. An advertising connects with the consumer when it understands the consumer. Thus, understanding the consumer is vital. Psychology helps in understanding the consumer and it plays the role of effectively targeting the right consumer. Often research on a certain topic helps understand the consumer better and this then helps in improving advertising in the future. For instance, an apparel store can conduct a research on the impact on sales after using celebrity branding. This would help the advertisers to understand whether celebrity branding does impact the sales of the product. If it does, the store can use celebrity branding often to improve their sales. Thus psychology helps in advertising research by answering the simple question: Why do consumers behave the way they do? This is then used to make advertising more effective (Reijmersdal, Neijens, and Smit, 2009). Sociology is the study of human behavior within the society. Humans like to consider themselves as part of a group or a community and in order to understand a person, it is important to

In a 46 page Research Paper analyzing the paradox of international Essay

In a 46 page Research Paper analyzing the paradox of international donor gifts to improve gender equallity and primarily in the educational systems, how do don - Essay Example These are clear-cut monetary aids that can only improve the situation. The other element is more problematic. The "Gender Lens Tool" can be used to identify gaps in behavioural gender patterns of a society and, hence, to define differences in health information from a gender perspective. Even the non-feminist experts from NGOs of the historically developed countries were influenced by Ms. Black, for Black believes every woman who hopes for a successful, rewarding career needs a mentor ( Black) Consequently, she made the whole white middle class pushing their own priorities regardless. With this background, even if most chiefs and field-workers of the donors' NGOs were women ( while we know that rather the opposite is true ) they would not have much of an idea about the recipient's country history, culture, and built-in society's very different behaviour towards the gender question. Consequently, they would assume that the same social and sociologic environment as in their ( i.e. donor) home countries works in India ( and other Asian countries ) too. Listing a few facts from the recipient country and most likely reaction of donors' staff to them should make the problems facing the Western donors' clear. We start with educational issues first: (1) Scholarly studies and research projects have time and again established that if you educate a boy, you educate a person; if you educate a girl, you educate a "family and a benefit for entire community." Yet girls lag consistently behind boys in access to education throughout India. Reason is simple: girls help their mothers in household chores apart from making carpets. Thus they contribute to their household, and, perhaps, to the whole community economy ( Patel 2008).(2) The next big bias against women-gender at schools starts with textbooks. For example, The Story of Science is a description of man and his discoveries. To show that, with scientific advances, travel time has drastically reduced, the story is told of the 'beautiful young Chinese princess' who was sent by her father to marry the king of Persia but married his son instead because the king died in the two years it took her to reach Persia! The readers are informed that in today's world, she would have reached her de stination in two hours. The two scientists mentioned and whose pictures are given are Newton and Marconi ( Bhog 1640). Some textbooks carry the story of Madame Curie, an important role model for girls. Bhog argues that Maria Curie's portrayal is treated through a gender lens as the narrative highlights Maria's domestic responsibilities and emphasizes her ability to successfully take on the burden of home and work. To Bhog, these are narrative devices employed so that women are 'tamed into not being too out of this world, too different, too challenging' ( Bhog 1641).Bhog points out that in her review of 75 lessons in the language textbooks, barely three 'make a genuine attempt to represent women in a

Gregor and Meursault are certainly problematic characters. What is the Essay - 1

Gregor and Meursault are certainly problematic characters. What is the main problem both confront - Essay Example Therefore Gregor’s alienation is less deliberate than Meursault’s alienation, as Rossignol says, â€Å"GREGOR’S alienation is slightly less deliberate. Used as a tool for money and for control by his family, yet has been indoctrinated in only seeing their good side (if it exists). This however also stems from self-denial and self-alienation.† (56) Apparently Gregor seems to be the poor victim of the society, in which he lives, that cruelly has robbed him of all of the opportunities to survive decently on his own worth, gradually restricting him within the periphery of a room. Ironically the way how Gregor views others in his family and orientates himself in the society essentially shows that Gregor’s psychological inertia has reached the height that prevents him from looking into his discomfiture and from identifying the causes. He cannot -more appropriately, does not want to- search for the underlying reasons of the discomfiture. Gregor simply take s the discomfiture as it is. Such non-resistive acceptance of the situation as well as the humiliation inflicted by his family members is reminiscent of Meursault’s disinterest in the ‘well and woe’ of life and other social affairs. Whereas Gregor’s self-alienation is illusive and evading, Meursault’s self alienation is more obvious. Indeed the psychological inertia of Kafka’s protagonist is camouflaged in his apparently innocent stance that invokes the readers’ sympathy towards him against the hostility of the family members. The root of Meursault’s alienation lies in his disinterest in social affairs. Again his disinterestedness evolves from the meaninglessness or the absurdity of life. Both Meursault and Gregor deceive themselves and subsequently their deceptions result their isolation from their societies. In this regard, Rossignol says, â€Å"In L’Étranger (Camus) and The Metamorphosis

The Influence Of Thomas Reid In Philosophy And Psychology Philosophy Essay

The Influence Of Thomas Reid In Philosophy And Psychology Philosophy Essay This paper discusses how Thomas Reid was influential in psychology and philosophy. It talks about his works and his common sense philosophy. It discusses direct realism and his philosophical outlook on the theory of knowledge. Reid is also compared with David Hume and his ideas of skepticism. John Locke and Berkeley are also mentioned as influencing Reids philosophy. He rejects Humes arguments and publishes his own book about his own theories based on contradictions to Hume. He also gave lectures at different Universities that he worked at. Some of these lectures appear in his essays that he produces in his retirement. His common sense works show that we can perceive the world accurately through our senses and experiences with people are similar. And his essays talk about the reasoning and ideas that are not metaphysical in the world, but are real. Thomas Reid was a Scottish philosopher during the 18th century whose most famous contributions to the philosophy of intellect are his common sense works, his rational thinking, and his criticisms of fellow British empiricists, particularly Hume. He defended the existence of reasoning powers and influenced many others, including American thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and faculty psychology. Thomas Reid was born on April 26, 1710. His father, Lewis Reid, was a reverend for 58 years, and his mother, Margaret Gregory, lived a shorter life and died when Thomas was 22 in 1732. He came from a long line of intellectuals on both sides of the family that attended college. Reid had an older bother, David, who was five years apart and two younger sisters Isobel and Jane. He grew up in a rural area in a valley in Strachan just outside of Aberdeen on the north-east side of Scotland. This area also was the hometown of Immanuel Kant, who was another local philosophy celebrity during this time period and had a few parallels with Reid (britannica, 2011). Reid started attended a small country school when he was ten years old, then transferred to Aberdeen Grammar School, a higher and more prestigious school, until 1722. He then left to go to Marischal College at age twelve which was a norm in the area and time period. Reids granduncle, James Gregory, graduated college at the age Thomas started (Fraser, 1898). George Turnbull was Reids college philosophy professor for three years, and his influence had a large impact on Reid. Turnbull used much of Berkeleys philosophy in his teachings; this included his version of common sense: Common sense is sufficient to teach those who think of the matter with seriousness and attention all the duties of common life; all our obligations to God and our fellow-men; all that is morally fit and binding (Fraser, 1898). This meant that the spiritual facts of the mind cannot be ignored because of facts seen in the visible world, and what we call matter are only sensible ideas that come from us personally. These teachings influenced indirectly by Berkeley played an important role in Reids life. Thomas Reid studied theology from late 1726 to 1731 as per a requirement for the Church. This is one of the parallels with Kant and Reid; they are both theologically trained. After his completion of theology, Reid found a job as a librarian back at Marischal College in 1733, after his mothers death. Another Kant parallel was that he was a librarian after finishing college, but Kant got  £10 yearly while Reid only got  £9. While a librarian, Reids undergraduate friend and then current Professor of Mathematics at Marischal, Stewart, asked Reid to go him with on a tour of England in 1736. Other than this one particular instance, Reid, like Kant, did not travel far from his home for the rest of his life (Fraser, 1898). After his job as a librarian, Reid was presented the position of pastoral charge of New Machar, a town near Aberdeen, upon his return home. This position was administrator of the church. There was a problem because of rural prejudice, which was influenced by a sermon in early 1737 by Rev. Bisset, which made Reid a victim to attacks and mistreatment when got ordained later that year. Because of this sermon Reid was attacked because he was rural and not from a big city. Those who fought against him would come to change their opinions after his fifteen years there, to where they would have fought for him when he went away (Fraser, 1898) . Thomas got married in 1740, to his cousin Elizabeth, who was his Uncle Dr. George Reids daughter. With her he had six daughters and three sons, and one of the five daughters born in New Machar, died at not even a year old. His wife, in 1746, became critically ill and Reids religious side came out in some of his manuscripts, showing his devotion to god and his wife in his writings. His wife lived through her sickness but Reid eventually outlived everyone except one daughter, including his children. When Thomas Reid was thirty-eight, a paper of his appeared in print called An Essay on Quantity. His 1748 paper revealed the attraction to mathematics that Reid had, using mathematical reasoning with ratios to explain moral philosophy. He argued that genuine ethical inquiry is concerned with a class of facts which are under a higher category, and refuse to submit to geometrical measurement (Fraser, 1898). This recognition of other scientific methods other than mathematics shows a change in thought for this time. Reids most known work in philosophy, however, would come from an almost unnoticed book from London in 1739 by David Hume, who was exactly one year younger than Reid coincidentally. The Treatise of Human Nature by Hume would eventually make headlines in shaping European thought and would give Reid an argument. Hume reasoned that there should be a new system of sciences to prove that there is neither human nature nor science in the world, and that nothing can be true if you cannot logically reason from our senses. He believed that our impressions of our senses was exactly that, impressions which tended to be temporary and perceived differently from person to person, and therefore there cannot be truth since impressions are not universal. He also went on to say that what we call existence is only felt impressions, that time is an illusion, and that the word identity is nothing since a person is nothing more than an idea at the moment. To sum it all up, only current feelings exist in the universe. Reid took this as almost an insult. These ideas degraded our speech and communication to only abstract adjectives, because nouns and verbs dont truly exist. Because of this conclusion, we cannot communicate what doesnt exist because you cant communicate only through adjectives. It was a philosophical suicide that gave us an unknown universe we couldnt trust, because the skeptics at this time were saying that nothing exists, like David Hume. Reid began his own theory from these insults, starting with our senses and focusing on mathematical theory. The foundations of mathematical abstracts are in mathematical axioms, and so the foundations of all concrete reasoning are to be found in the rational constitution of perception through the five senses (Fraser, 1898). Forty years after that, Reid even went on to say that it was Hume that made him realize the faults of the Berkeley system that came from Descartes philosophy. He stated that what George Turnbull taught, gave me [Reid] more unea siness than the want of a material world, and to question its foundation (Reid, 1785). Hume gave Reid an argument and showed him that he should create his own theory. Thomas Reid left New Machar in late 1751, where he became a regent master at Kings College in Aberdeen till 1764. There he gave lectures, and the three-year regent course was still imposed for philosophy. He gave lectures in natural history and physical science one year, mathematics and natural philosophy in another, and finally philosophy of the mind in the third year, where the same students were still under his teachings. So, he had three three-year classes which he taught: 1753-56, 1756-59, 1759-62, plus the first two years when he started. Under some examination of Reids lectures in the Natural Philosophy classes, it was shown that he was very much knowledgeable in physical sciences incorporating laws of motion, astronomy and electricity. Reid also brought changes and reform to the university. Teaching sessions were extended by two months, there was much better organization in Latin classes, and material sciences had to be a prerequisite to psychology and ethics, which was consistent with a mind naturally observing then reflecting upon its observations. He also created the Wise Club at Kings College, which was a small society for philosophical inquiry with his old friend Gregory. This club also influenced later Scottish philosophic literature. The meetings consisted of reading of personal short essays, as well as a question proposed before each meeting for discussion. It was mostly the skeptical theology that Hume talked about that gave the society discussion questions, and Reid went as far as writing If you write no more in morals, politics, and metaphysics, I am afraid we shall be at a loss for subjects in a letter to David Hume (Craig, 1998). Since the start of the Wise Club in 1758 continuing to his last work of the society in 1762, Reid put in many works that would be later seen in his publications two years afterwards. A lot of the work itself dealt with our senses and perception, and he even received an honorary Doctorate of Divinity from Marichal College in early 1762. By the end 1763, he produced his first book An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense, which was the result of his twenty years in New Machar and Aberdeen. The Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense was an argument against David Hume that allowed Thomas Reid to attain a very important role in the development of philosophy. In his book, he makes an important point about Humes Treatise of Human Nature. Reid argued that if we as humans have no evidence that things exist, then we could never encounter an external object directly, and what we perceive is in our own minds. How can one be sure of the outside realities that differ from ones own sensations? Reid also said, If I allow that my own sensations and ideas are my only possible original data, I cannot from such transitory phantoms infer the real existence of other persons. (Reid, 1764) This is also when Reid encountered Berkeleys theory a dead end for proving other intelligent beings existence. Reid was also later criticized by John Stuart Mill, specifically in his common sense book. Mill said that any appeal to intuition or self-evidence was a cover way of promot ing self-interest (von Dehsen, 1999). He argued further that if only sensations and ideas of the self cannot be broken through, then the self is an illusion and the word self means nothing. The universe is, not sensations that are all personal, but is put into isolated sensations which can be similarly experienced by others, but not the exact same sensations. Reid also found it unreasonable that we do not actually perceive external things and only certain images of them are imprinted in the mind called ideas and impressions. He thought this could only throw out all philosophy, religion, and common sense. These ideas are substitutions of the common reasonable sense, which neither requires nor admits of logical proof. Reid believed there two degrees of reason. The first degree of reason is the five senses to judge of things self-evident (Reid, 1764). The second degree is reasoning, which is able to make conclusions of non-self-evident reasoning from the first degree. Also, truth in judgments of common sense cannot be seen, they are only justified by reasoning and how human nature responds to them. For example, we have the common sense that fire is hot because other people perceive it as hot and it comes through our senses. This is part of nature in human understanding, and is inspiration of God. Reasoning is used to control everything from emotions to appetite, and allows us to live and serve under God. God has excellently fitted our conscience, reason, natural instincts and bodily appetites to the benefit of the species (Yaffe Nichols, 2009). He continued to say that this is what makes up the discoveries in our reasoning of the world and called this the common sense of mankind, and even started the School of Common Sense. When one ignores these innate senses though, another may find them as being crazy. Reid also explained what if Hume found is right, and to not trust our senses: I break my nose against a post that comes in my way, I step into a dirty kennel; and after twenty such wise and rational actions I am taken up and clapped into a madhouse (Reid, 1764). Though people may not know if the senses are correct, everyone assumes they are because they are commonly known and perceived. Our common sense, to Reid, is conscious and varies between persons, time periods, and locations. Reid listed six axioms that came from sensus communis, which was the term he used for common sense. The first is that the thoughts of which I am conscious are thoughts of a being which I call myself, my mind, my person. The second is that those things did really happen that I distinctly remember. The third is that we have some degree of power over our actions, and the determination of our will. the forth is that there is life and intelligence in our fellow men with whom we converse. the fifth is that there is a certain regard due to human testimony in matters of fact, and even to human authority in matters of opinion. and the sixth is that, in the phenomena of nature, what is to be, will probably be like what has been in similar circumstances (Reid, 1785). He concluded in his common sense philosophy four basic principles of knowledge. The first principle was that certain undemonstrable fundamental truths [are] immediately conclusive and absolute and that there are certain truths that are common among people. The second principle was that these truths cannot be subjected to criticism or support from science. The third principle was that philosophy itself comes from self-enlightening truth and anything that contradicts your truth is incorrect. The fourth truth was that our morality is what we use as guidelines in our life to perform our duties in society and we act with what goes with common sense and what we think is right (Reid, 1764). Thomas Reid, before the book was published, wanted David Hume to read some of it. Hume responded with a compliment saying it was deeply philosophical yet written with spirit, and that no one else is able to explain themselves with greater clarity. However he kindly disagreed with the abstract that was sent. Reid wrote back saying that he was only attempting to shine a little light on the subject, But whether I have any success in this attempt or not, I shall always avow myself your disciple in metaphysics (Reid, 1872). He also concluded that he learned more from Hume than everybody else known put together in the subject. Shortly following his book, Reid was offered to be the Chair of Moral Philosophy at the University of Glasgow when Adam Smith resigned in 1764. During his time of teaching in Glasgow College, the lectures that he provided would be the precursor of his published Essays of his old age. When 1772 came about, Reid had hardship in his personal life, when two of his older daughters died. When Reid was seventy, he discovered after sixteen years teaching at Glasgow, he found himself growing old. In a letter he wrote to his friend Lord Kames he reported this and turned over the class to his assistant Archibald Arthur so he could continue his philosophical authorship in retirement. After his retirement in 1780, he again found tough times the same year. His eldest son died, and only two years go by only to be heartbroken once again by the death of his last son, which left only one daughter in his family. Reids final works were his Essays, which come in two parts, and were based off his lectures at Glasgow. The first installment was an inquiry of mans intellectual power, while the second came a few years afterward explaining the facts of moral power and the invisible ideas in mans consciousness. In the Essays an advance is made towards a finally ethical interpretation of man and the universe. The Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man was the first Essay to come out, in 1785. It explained our perception through the senses and memory, imagination, and sciences dealing with time frames. It also contained some rebuttal to the abstract reasoning criticism of common sense. He presents direct realism which is the view that our minds are directly connected to the world, and that we experience objects immediately as objects because of our power of perception. This was the opposite thinking of consciousness being formed by adding sensations to our ideas. Reid started with an important part of all this: Human knowledge may be reduced to two general heads, according as it relates to body or to mind; to things material, or to things intellectual (Reid, 1785). Otherwise, we know that there are two worlds, mind and matter. In his essay Reid continued with, The Supreme Being intended, that we should have such knowledge of the material objects that surrounds us, as is necessary in order to our supplying the wants of nature, and avoiding the dangers to which we are constantly exposed; and he has admirably fitted our powers of perception to this purpose. [If] the intelligence we have of external objects were to be got by reasoning only, the greatest part of men would be destitute of it; for the greatest part of men hardly ever learn to reason; and in infancy and childhood no man can reason. Also, he said that God conveys this intelligence of objects in a way we can understand and use the information. The information of the senses is as perfect, and gives as full conviction to the most ignorant, as to the most learned (Reid 1785). This showed that Reid believed that reason could not be the prerequisite to perception and that god gave us the innate ability of perception through the senses to draw conclusions of the universe. Three years after the first set of Essays, he put out the remaining works in 1788, titled Essays on the Active Powers of Man. This concluded the ideas that are not of the physical world including ethics. A man can act from motives that are higher than any that move the lower animals. He sees one course of action as having dignity and value, and another as being base and low; and lower animals cant make such distinctions. Reid explains our higher sensibility as humans and our moral values as a society are means to set us apart from animals. The Essay continues to show that our power, though we cant perceive or be aware of it, is our minds reason. This is where Lockes theory, that we gather ideas our ideas through the senses and/or consciousness, con ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡icts with the fact that we have a conception or idea of power (Reid 1785). Another point he postulated was that for some things, we have a direct conception, while for others, we only have a relative conception. This can be possibly thought of as we have a direct conception of the third dimension since we live and experience it, but only a relative conception of the fourth. Reids hatred for Atheists and their reasoning in depriving man of all active power is also shown in this work, They join hands with theologians in depreciating human understanding, so that they can lead us into absolute scepticism (Reid, 1785). He also concludes that there cant be an exclusion of our senses, memory, and rational faculties in any further theoretical opinion. Reid discusses his early version of mental faculties as active powers of the mind that influenced ones thoughts and behavior. Also, faculties are innate and work together as one unifying mind, some of which included were attention, judgment, perception, and reason. There were 43 total faculties (Hergenhahn, 2009). Though this was not the actual school of thought that phrenologists believed later, it did however help influence faculty psychology. Thomas Reid died when he was eighty-six, on October 7, 1796 in Glasgow. His most notable ideas for his recognition in the Scottish Enlightenment were direct realism and common sense. His works in metaphysics, epistemology or theory of knowledge, mind, and ethics, would come from the influences of David Hume, Cicero, Locke, and Berkeley. His Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense would bring upon the Scottish School of Common Sense, and his works collectively would later influence those such as Victor Cousin, Alvin Plantinga, and C.S. Peirce. I think he was quite important in the development of psychology. I think personally that rationalism is much more sane and reasonable than what Hume and the empiricists were saying that we cant trust our senses. However, I think its important sometimes to take a step back to take two steps forward and play devils advocate as what the skeptics were saying, otherwise we may not have seen Reid. He talks about the important issue of our senses being accurate and reasonable to trust even if they are slightly wrong. I also liked his essays more in his common sense work just because it explained our reasoning abilities and our ethics, which no one really talked about in that much depth. If we were to believe Hume we could basically say that we are living in a matrix since the only thing real is feelings and ideas in the mind. This is why Reid is important because he explains how objects are actually real and how we communicate about them. He helped influence faculty psychology and phrenolog y which opened up the door for specific areas of the brain such as reasoning, consciousness, and attention.