Hamlet Didnt Have No Prozac :: essays papers

settlement Didnt Have No ProzacAccording to Websters modernistic World Dictionary madness is defined as mental derangement t put on makes a person incapable of what is regarded as rational conduct or judgement. there is much madness in Shakespeares Hamlet written around 1600, but Prince Hamlet is not included in the insane camp. Throughout the play Hamlets apparently irrational behavior served quite rational and sometimes ingenious ends. The Madness of Hamlet is certainly counterfeit and was recognized by Hamlet as organism necessary to complete the revenge of the Murder of his father. In act I, scene i we are introduced to the Ghost of Hamlets slain father. The reader may be more than inclined to believe that Hamlets madness is in fact true if he himself was the only one to view the Ghost. However, there were actually three individuals to whitness the Ghost. Hamlets sane and true friend Horatio says Before my God, I capability not this believe/ without the sensible and true a vouch/ of mine own eyes (I. i . 55-57). It was a standard from Horatio that gave Prince Hamlet to fabricate his madness to more easily work out his plan of revenge. Horatio warns Hamlet, ... And there assume some other horrible form/ which might deprive your sovereignty of reason,/ and draw you into madness? Think of it (I. iv. 72-74). Hamlet respected and adamantly listened to his father, so when the Ghost told him but howsomeever thou pursues this act,/ taint not thy mind. (I. v. 83-84). Hamlet would surely listen and obey these wishes of his father from beyond the grave. Hamlets first signs of his fraudulent insanity are revealed at a meeting with Ophelia. She describes him as ... No hat upon his head his stockings fould/ undergarterd and down-gyved to his ancle/ pale as a shirt his knees knocking eachother ... (II. i. 80-83). It is because of these seemingly insane actions that Polonius believes Hamlet to be truly demented. Polonius asks Ophelia if Hamlet is Mad for thy love? (II. i. 86) that already jumped to the conclusion that was indeed neurotic. The more fully convinced Hamlet could persuade the court members that he was insane, the easier he could seek hi revenge on king Claudius. Hamlet acts reasonable not like an insane man by knowing that a faked madness would facilitate his plan, and being able to successfully undertake it further proves his sanity.

My Private Library Essay -- Descriptive Essay

Just like waking up in the morning and inhaling my first conscious-breath of the day, reading is something essential to me. As I child, I used to dream of having my own and private reading place where I would sit and spend my whole day reading my favorite books without either disturbance. Thanks to my dreams, I now have a wonderful private library in my house. This place is not similar to any other so-so(predicate) library but a mini place where you can find a massive number of interesting books of different varieties.Before you come into my library, you depart have to obey a simple rule which is not that difficult to follow. Well, it is to be loaded with high reading spirit and I bet you that you provide have no space in your heart to say good bye to this place. I can assure you on that as I myself pass the same thing everyday before I leave to work. As I sip my daily morning black umber from my special coffee mug, I walk into my private library which has an automatic opening and a small hall as we enter. Just beside the couch which is in the hall, there is a mini map on the types of...

Holmes presents us with a world view that is imminently sane, secure :: Free Essay Writer

Holmes presents us with a world view that is imminently sane, secure and foreseeable - the very antithesis of what Doyle found in his own life and what we oft find in ours.Sherlock Holmes Coursework (rough draft)Q. What writing techniques that Sherlock Holmes utilized made hisstories so popular in the 1890sWhat I can tell you nearly his style is that Conan Doyle writes in avery baroque style, that I had some difficulty following, but whenanalyzed I can tell you everything you need to have about what he usedto make his writing distinct at that timeHolmes presents us with a world view that is imminently sane, secureand predictable - the very antithesis of what Doyle found in his ownlife and what we often find in oursHis deductions are drawn from what seems to us as obvious, but wecould never fancy of ever attaining such high powers of observationWhat Conan doyle does to differenciate himself from other authors isa method which I noticed in almost every single secret of his that I have read. Instead of praising his character within the story by justcommending him on merely one heroic action which he had antecedentlydone and then maintaining this by simply making the people around himseem stupid to accomplish superiority in one character, which is whatmost mystery authors do, Conan Doyle takes the good way out by usinghis own mind to maintain the mastermind creation of Sherlock Holmess clever analysis and without just deducting learning from all thecharacter surrounding him.You become immersed in a world of dimly lit gas lamps, shadowymotives and up to nowts, and the quest for understanding. Conan Doylesstrength is perhaps in his participation in the Victorian (and Modern)desire for answers in the face of increasing doubt and confusion. Heshows that answers to mysteries are never quite solvable by reasonableness andrationality. Rather, the key to solving a mystery is by inevitablystumbling upon the solution, and then making it look as if one arrivedat it th rough orderly cogitateHolmess adventures are to me fascinating revealing as they do thedark underbelly of Victorian society and many of them would createlurid headlines were they to actually occur today, even Holmes himselfis not free from scandal when he is revealed by Watson to be of allthings, a cocaine addict in A Scandal in Bohemia.From his contest of the sexes with the resourceful adventuress MissIrene Adler in, A Scandal in Bohemia, to his foiling of the criminalintentions of the fourth smartest man in London in the truly bizarre

Male Homosexual Roles Among the Isthmus Zapotec of Southern Mexico Essa

Male Homosexual Roles Amog the Isthmus Zapotec of Southern MexicoCarlos and Javier are two men living in the city of Juchitn, Mexico. They work at a small hotel just off the z-calo, the main town square. Sometimes they play with other men outside the hotel to watch people as they walk past in the z-calo. As nearly anywhere in Mexico, the men gossip and nudge each other when an attractive woman passes, but Carlos and Javier remain silent throughout the exchange. It is not until an attractive young man walks by that they chatter up. Uy, que guapo Carlos exclaims Ah, how handsome Carlos and Javier are muxe, the unmanly male homosexuals of Isthmus Zapotec culture.Male homosexuality and transvestism is present in many if not most autochthonic American societies to at least some degree, notably the DinZh, Lakota, Tohono Oodham, and so on. In pre-Hispanic Mexico, homosexuals were common and respected in most area cultures. With the advent of the Spaniards, however, homosexuals and tra nsvestites were pushed notwithstanding and further to the margins of society, branded as deviants and persecuted under the influence of a rampant machismo. Only in a few places did homosexuality survive as a common and respected practice. The Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Oaxaca state at the very south of Mexico, home to the Zapotec people, is one of these places. I was privileged to spend July and heroic of 2000 living among the Zapotec in the city of Juchitn. I was intrigued by the position of homosexuals in this culture, and following are some of my efforts to understand them.Muxe is the Zapotec word for effeminate male homosexuals, though the origins of the word remain in debate. Probably the word derives from the Span... ...to peoples like the Zapotec as we try to determine how to respond. North Americans have lots to learn from a society that extends to homosexuals an acknowledged and respected role.1Bennholdt-Thomsen, p. 2802The word mayate is a Mexican Spanish term for a Cole optera beetles.3Bennholdt-Thomsen, p. 3044 CAAN, p. 405Bennholdt-Thomsen, p. 293-294 ReferencesBennholdt-Thomsen, et al.Juchitn, la ciudad de las mujeres. Oaxaca, Mexico Instituto Oaxaqueo de las Culturas. 1997. Canadian Aboriginal Aids Network, Canadian Strategy on HIV/AIDS, and Health Canada. Hands Across the World An Indigenous Peoples Forum. Final Report, July 17, 1999 AIDS pertain Conference. Ottawa Blue Moon Consulting. 1999. Chias, Beverly L. The Isthmus Zapotecs Womens Roles in Cultural Context. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1973.

Understanding the Exchange Market Rate - Pound to US Dollar (GBP/USD) E

The fluctuation or well known as the deepen market is the rate at which one bills will be change over for another. It also regarded as the value of one countrys currency in the terms of another currency. The fluctuation was determined in the foreign exchange market (Wikipedia, 2014). The fluctuation rate is not permanent sometime in one day the fluctuation rate can change from high to crushed and from low to high. Hard currency is any global traded currency that is expected to serve as a reliable and stable store of value. The factor alter to a currency hard status might include the long term stability of its purchasing power, the associated countrys political and fiscal check out and outlook and policy posture of the issuing central bank (Wikipedia, 2014). The two currency that can be taken as the hard currency was the united States Dollar and also the Great Britain Pound. These two currency is very popular and also important in the way to contribute to the exchange rate in f oreign exchange marketThe United States Dollar (USD) or its sign was ($) is referred to as the U.S Dollar, and also as the American Dollar. It is the official currency to the Unites States and its overseas territories. The currency of United States Dollar was divided into 100 smaller units called cents (Wikipedia, 2014). The United States Dollar is often used in the traded process because of its high value. There were five major(ip) reason of why the U.S Dollar is so widely used in the traded. The reason is as below Its an investment currency in some capital markets Its a reserve currency held by many an(prenominal) central banks Its a common transaction currency in many International commodity market Its an invoice currency in many contracts ... ...ttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling 3 April 2014 10.Wikipedia ( 2014 ) Fluctuation from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluctuation 2 April 2014 11.Wikipedia ( 2014 ) Exchange Rate from http//en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Exchange_rate 2 April 2014 12.Wikipedia ( 2014 ) Interest Rate from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_rate 3 April 2014 13.Wikipedia ( 2014 ) Speculator from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculation 2 April 2014 14.Wikipedia ( 2014 ) Government Debts http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_debt from 5 April 2014 15.Wikipedia ( 2014 ) Economic Interventionism from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_interventionism 2 April 2014 16.Wikipedia ( 2014 ) Economic Growth from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth 6 April 2014

Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essays -- Charles Dickens Great Ex

Charles Dickens Great ExpectationsOne of Dickens most popular novels Great Expectations is a gripingsearch for identity- the narrators self-identity bump off has been borninto a difficult world in the early years of the 19th Century. PhilipPirrip is the narrator of Great Expectations. In the book he is cognise as Pip. He called himself Pip because as a young child hisinfant tongue could only get across to Pip. I the first a couple of(prenominal) chaptersof the book he is described as a timid, sensitive and guilt-riddenperson. His parents had died earlier, probably due to poverty. Pip isliving with his sister, who intimidates him in every form. We realisehis deterrence when he arrives late from the graveyard,I twisted the only button on my waistcoat round and round, and lookedin great depress at the fire. Tickler was a wax-ended piece of cane,worn smooth by collision with my tickled frameI meet a parallel between Dickens and Pip. Dickenss lived in anover-crowded place when he was y oung. His parents had no intentions ofsending him to school. He spent his days running errands and doingchores around the house also his younger sister died of smallpox justlike, Pips brothers and sisters. Dickens was very concerned withsocial issues like poverty. At the time when the book was written,there was a very high train of infant mortality, which was made worseby deaths among poor adults, hence the number of orphans.The first meeting with Magwitch is in the churchyard, where Pip islost in childish compactness grappling with his familys fate. Hisstate of mind is very unstable when Pip is grabbed violently and theconvict threatened to cut his throat if he was to make noise. Pipimagines Magwitch as a pir... ...r. Pip felt, Estella looked down on himbecause he was poor and not a gentleman. Pip was asked to dissolution, but hedidnt know how to play. Estella lived in a society where her classdid not have to work, and we read that Pip wanted to leave when he wastold to play b ecause he did not make the word play.In chapter 9, when Pip returns home his shame will not allow him totell the truth to his sister and Pumblechook so he is exaggerates. Wesee that Pip is telling Joe about his real feelings about his trip toSatis House. Unlike the theft, which he kept secret, he eventuallyconfides to Joe because he knows Joe will grasp an open mind and he isthe only one person he can speak to without being punished and havinga guilty conscience. What he is disclose to Joe is his shame as aworking-class person and how he must change in order to win Estella.

Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essays -- Charles Dickens Great Ex

Charles Dickens Great ExpectationsOne of Dickens most popular novels Great Expectations is a gripingsearch for identity- the fabricators self-identity Pip has been borninto a difficult world in the early years of the 19th Century. PhilipPirrip is the narrator of Great Expectations. In the book he is go throughn as Pip. He called himself Pip because as a young child hisinfant tongue could only get across to Pip. I the kickoff few chaptersof the book he is described as a timid, sensitive and guilt-riddenperson. His parents had died earlier, probably due to poverty. Pip isliving with his sister, who intimidates him in every form. We take carehis intimidation when he arrives late from the graveyard,I twisted the only button on my waistcoat round and round, and lookedin great depress at the fire. tickler file was a wax-ended piece of cane,worn smooth by collision with my tickled frameI see a parallel between Dickens and Pip. Dickenss lived in anover-crowded place when he was young. Hi s parents had no intentions ofsending him to school. He spent his days running errands and doingchores around the house also his younger sister died of variola major virus justlike, Pips brothers and sisters. Dickens was very concerned withsocial issues like poverty. At the time when the book was written,there was a very juicy level of infant mortality, which was made worseby deaths among poor adults, hence the number of orphans.The first meeting with Magwitch is in the churchyard, where Pip islost in infantile absorption grappling with his familys fate. Hisstate of mind is very unstable when Pip is grabbed violently and theconvict threatened to cut his throat if he was to patch up noise. Pipimagines Magwitch as a pir... ...r. Pip felt, Estella looked down on himbecause he was poor and non a gentleman. Pip was asked to play, but hedidnt know how to play. Estella lived in a society where her classdid not have to work, and we read that Pip wanted to leave when he wastold to play because he did not understand the word play.In chapter 9, when Pip returns home his shame testament not allow him totell the truth to his sister and Pumblechook so he is exaggerates. Wesee that Pip is telling Joe about his real feelings about his trip toSatis House. Unlike the theft, which he kept secret, he eventuallyconfides to Joe because he knows Joe will keep an open mind and he isthe only one person he can speak to without being punished and havinga guilty conscience. What he is confiding to Joe is his shame as aworking-class person and how he must change in order to win Estella.

Is a soliloquy a good way for us to know what is going on in a characters head? Essay

This essay will discuss soliloquies and how they argon utilize. I want to show that a soliloquy is a estimable carriage to show us what is going on in the book of factss head, it gives us an insight into the characters mind and thoughts, and helps us identify the type of mind and character we are looking at. In this essay I will be referring to various Shakespearian plays, the main play I will be referring to is Macbeth. Macbeth is well-nigh a Scottish king who is corrupted by three witches. It is about dreams, beliefs, actions and consequences. I will be looking at what a soliloquy is and the way Shakespeare has utilize the soliloquies in Macbeth. I also want to look at the use of Shakespearean language and Imagery in Macbeth.Soliloquies are often used in Shakespeares plays. A soliloquy is when a character voices their thoughts when alone on stage. I earn studied three different soliloquies from the play Macbeth. The beginning is taken from Act 1, scene V. The second soliloquy is taken from Act 1, scene s rase-spot. And the last soliloquy is taken from Act 2, scene I. These examples of the soliloquies we have used allow us to go through what state of mind the character is in at certain parts of the play, also I think it allows us to chink what type of person the character really is and understand them better.The first soliloquy is used as Dun keister arrives at Macbeths castle, Lady Macbeth has already decided by this point that the only way Macbeth can become king of Scotland is if they pull down Duncan. The soliloquy is her preparing herself for what she is about to do and also asking the spirits to give her the energy to do it.The raven himself is hoarseThat croaks the fatal entrance of DuncanUnder my battlements. Come, you spiritsTha tends on mortal thoughts, unsex me here,And fil me from the crown to the toe top-fullOf direst cruelty Make thick-skulled my blood,Stop up th access and passage to remorseAct 1, Scene VIn the opening lines of the s oliloquy you can already see that Lady Macbeth is a toughened-minded woman but intends that men are stronger than women and in order to complete her task she must be as strong as a man. Evidence for this is the lines Come, you spirits Tha tends on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, Lady Macbeth is calling on the spirits to turn her into a man and reserve her strong. However I believe that Lady Macbeth was stronger and more determined than Macbeth. There is evidence in the other two soliloquies that Macbeth is in two minds about murdering Duncan.This even-handed refereeCommends thingrediants of our poisond chaliceTo our own lips. Hes here in double trustFirst as I am his kinsman and his subject,Strong both against the deed and thusly as his host,Who should against his murderer shut the door,Not bear the poke myselfthat his virtuesWill plead like angels, trumpet tongud , againstThe deep damnation of his taking offAct 1, scene 7 I go, and it is done the bell invites me.Hear it not, Duncan, for it is knellThat summons thee to Heaven, or to nut houseAct 2, scene IThese examples show just how unstable the mind of Macbeth is. In Act 1, scene VII Macbeth is talking about how Duncan trusts him and how he should cheer Duncan from harm, not be the one who kills him This is shown in the lines Hes here in double trust and Who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself . However in Act 2, scene I Macbeth is prepared to go through with the deed, no matter what the consequences are.From the soliloquies you can also see what the character is like. It is in my judgement that Macbeth is lenityate to his friend and does not want to hurt him, however he is also over come with greed. He wants the wealth and power that comes with being king and will, perhaps, do anything to get it if prompted. These two views make his mind unstable and weak so that it can be manipulated by Lady Macbeth. I believe that lady Macbeth is an evil woman who will do anyth ing to get what she wants. An example of this is part of a conversation that Lady Macbeth had with Macbeth when she thinks that he will not kill DuncanI have given suck, and knowHow tender t is to love the babe that milks meI would, while it was smiling in my face,Have pull off the bosom from his boneless gums,And dashd the brains out, had I so sworn as youHave done to this.Act 1, Scene VIIWhat she is saying in this quotation is that she would take a fluff that was feeding from her and kill it in the most horrific way if Macbeth wanted her to. I think only a in truth evil woman can say this and mean it, only an evil woman would kill her baby.Shakespeare used various images through out this play. Both in Lady Macbeths soliloquy and Macbeths soliloquies there are strong witchcraft, nature and baby images. I think the strongest images in the soliloquies are the baby images. I believe that these worked the best because people generally have strong feelings no babies, especially if the baby is being harmed in some way. A baby can also be used as a symbol of innocence a child looks at the world with innocence in their eyes. It is in my opinion that Shakespeare used the images of a baby for several reasons.The first reason is to get the audience emotionally involved in the play, if they see an image of a baby being hurt then they are going to dislike that particular character, however if the image is a good image of a baby then the audience are less likely to dislike that character. And the second way is to show the differences and similarities between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. When Macbeth uses an image of a baby it is filled with compassion and love, however when Lady Macbeth uses the image of babies it is filled with greed and cruelty.I believe this because of certain lines used through out the soliloquies. In Act 1, Scene VII Macbeth quotes And Pity, like a newborn babe, Macbeth uses a baby as a symbol of innocence to gain pity from the audience. In Act 1, S cene VII Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth I have given suck, and know how tendert is to love the babe that milks me I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, And dashd the brains out, This is filled with hatred which she is using to pressurise Macbeth into killing Duncan. It also shows that they think in similar ways even though they have different views.As Shakespeare was writing for an English audience Macbeth is very pro English, anti Scottish. It is a Scottish thane, who is easily corrupted by promises of power and fortune who becomes King and it is an English army, which over throws the evil Scottish king and restores peace throughout the land.I believe that soliloquies are a good way to know what is going on in a characters head. It allows us to know what they are thinking and feeling through out the play. With out soliloquies we would have to rely on facial expressions to know what the character is thinking. If we did this then I belie ve that plays and theatre would not be as popular as they are and the works of Shakespeare such as Twelfth night, Romeo and Juliet, Midsummers night dream and Hamlet would never have become the classics that they are.

Are You Afraid of the Dark

ARE YOU AFRAID OF DARK ? Prologue In Berlin, Germany, Sonja Verbrugge receives an alarming instant message from her husband, Franz. He tells her to hightail it the house and go to the Artesemia Hotel, a hotel for women only. The message ends abruptly with start ex thinkation and the terrified Sonja heads for the Artesemia as Franz had instructed. At a street corner in mid-flight, she is pushed into the street. As if on cue, a double-parked limo leaves its space and heads right for her, knocking her to the ground. A passing ambulance stops for her and as she is strapped onto a gurney, the attendant calls Sonja by name.Before she arsehole react, a hypodermic syringe needle slides into her arm. In Paris, France, Mark Harris waits on the observation deck of the Eiffel Tower. Within two years young Kelly rises to the top of the modeling profession. In addition to her looks, she possesses an halo of untouchability, which attracts men. She re moulds to Philadelphia to visit her m opposi te, who thanks her for the money she sends every month. Her stepfather, however, makes it clear that Kelly is no longer welcome in their home. Before she leaves town, Kelly visits Mrs. Houston at the library and thanks her for changing her life.Kelly returns to Paris, where she meets a man named Mark Harris. Mark, like many men, approaches Kelly with the hopes of getting to know her. Kelly is put off by him at first, but Mark is persistent, sending her flowers and gifts and finally, a pretty-pretty dog named Angel. Kelly and Diane sit in a coffee shop across the street from KIG. Diane tries to explain that she and Kelly sustain the same business and may be satisfactory to help one another. Kelly is still reeling from chromatics insinuations about her dead husband and a woman named Olga and does not really wish to know what Diane might have to differentiate about her husband.When Kelly sees Dianes face on the coffee shops television and hears her televised image describe the d etails of Altieris homicide for the cameras and courtroom, her eyes widen in fear. The not guilty verdict is announced and Anthony Altieri answers the reporters questions. He indicates that he plans to retire and clean up a few old debts. Kelly knocks over her.. As Harry Flint waits for the women in the penthouse suite, he recalls confidence functions previously held there. Three times a year KIG hosts board meetings in the suite, which are actually orgies with eautiful prostitutes supplied by Tanners money. Flint gets turned on thinking about the orgies and plans to take out his lust on Kelly and Diane when they arrive. Unaware she is walking into a trap, Diane exits the elevator and walks down the hall towards the penthouse. She is momentarily delayed by a bellman who is blocking the hallway with his luggage cart. In that moment, Kelly gets off the elevator and sees Diane in the hall. They quickly realize that neither of them set up this meeting. They stare at the inlet to the penthouseNow that Kelly and Diane know who their husbands stipulateed to visit in Washington, they decide to visit Senator vanguard Luven themselves. They call her office from a pay phone repeatedly, until the receptionist finally agrees to open up the senator a message. They wait for two hours at the pay phone before it rings. Senator Van Luven is on the line, sounding irritated. Diane quickly identifies herself and explains that her husband and Mark Harris were murdered to pr stock-stillt them from seeing the senator. The senator recalls seeing their names in her appointment book.Someone had called her office and cancelled the mens visit afterward she learned they had both died. Diane has Senator Van Luvens attention now. Van Luven instructs them to take the next red-eye to New York. CHARACTERS Diane Stevens Diane Stevens is a sensitive, artistic soul who has achieved both personal and professional happiness. An acclaimed artist on the New York scene, her still-young marriage to Richard Stevens provides her with a thoughtful, caring soul mate and, she expects, a long and happy future together.Trouble first arrives in her life when she accidentally witnesses a brutal mafia murder. With her husbands encouragement, Diane bravely does the right thing and testifies a throw outst the mafia. Thus she blames herself when she receives the news of Richards death, thinking that the mafia killed him in retribution for her testimony. A highly spiritual individual, Diane begs her departed husbands spirit for forgiveness and and then immerses herself in the grieving process. Wanting nothing more than to fade away from society and lick her emotional wounds, Diane is brought..SUMMARY Are You Afraid of the Dark? is an action-filled thriller which takes the reader on a tour of the playgrounds of the rich and famous. Tanner Kingsley takes white-collar crime to new heights by using his billion-dollar think storage tank corporation to create a machine for himself, which ca n control the weather. Prima is actually the brainchild of Tanners older comrade, Andrew Kingsley, who heads up the Kingsley Group think tank. Andrew initially creates Prima in the hopes of addressing the environmental problem of global warming.Andrews brother, Tanner, is not as concerned with solving the worlds problems as his older brother. Instead, Tanner dreams of turning the philanthropic Kingsley Group into a supercharged think tank devoted to earning profit and power. He is a megalomaniac of the highest order, who intends to hold the world hostage once he has perfected the Prima project. First, he needs to get his brother Andrew out of the way. Tanner secretly sabotages a dangerous experiment with which Andrew is involved and Andrews resulting exposure to toxic gases leaves him severely brain-damaged.Now Tanner is free to explore his power-hungry goals as the resole head of the think tank, which he renames Kingsley International Group, or KIG. Unfortunately for Tanner, four of the scientists under his employ at KIG manage to figure out what Prima can do, despite his best efforts to keep them in the dark. When the scientists learn that Tanner does not intend to give Prima to the government, they realize that he intends to use it for more sinister purposes. The scientists plan a rendezvous in Washington, D. C. here they intend to reveal Primas existence and purpose to Senator Van Luven, a member of the Senate Select Committee on the Environment. Before they can meet with the senator, all four men are killed. Tanner doesnt stop there he goes after the mens families as well, precisely in case the scientists talked to their loved ones about Prima. Sonja Verbrugge is killed in Berlin, Germany. Her husband had worked for KIG Berlin and was one of the four men scheduled to meet with Senator Van Luven in Washington. Lois Reynolds is attacked in Denver, Colorado, except a few miles from where her brother Garys airplane mysteriously crashes.The other two scie ntists killed by Tanner are Richard Stevens and Mark Harris. Their unsuspecting wives, Diane and Kelly, are about to exit Tanners next targets. Both women have barely recovered from the initial shock of the news of their husbands deaths when Tanner goes after them. The unsuspecting women should make easy targets for the practiced assassins who Tanner hires. However, time after time, the assassins miss their targets. With a combination of ingenuity and luck, the women escape several death traps and together resolve to learn the secret that got their husbands killed.Diane Stevens and Kelly Harris are tall(a) heroines for an action thriller. Diane is a sensitive artist and Kelly is a glamorous supermodel. The women may be inexperienced investigators, but with their beloved husbands deaths as motivation, they quickly pick up Tanners trail. Kelly and Diane learn about the other related deaths and escape the country to visit the scenes of the crimes. They travel to Berlin, Germany, wher e Sonja Verbrugge was killed and Paris, France, where Kellys husband Mark met his untimely death.They are hampered at every turn by Tanners thugs, Greg Holliday, Vince Carballo and the exceedingly bloodthirsty Harry Flint. Un equal to learn anything in Europe, the two heroines return to the United States, where they visit the site of Gary Reynoldss plane accident. They discover that Garys infant Lois is still alive after escaping a firebomb and from Lois the ladies finally learn about the existence of Prima. Intending to finish what their husbands started, the two women make an appointment with Senator Van Luven. They plan to disclose to her the details about the Prima project.Unfortunately, the women dont realize they are walking into the same trap Tanner had so effectively set for their spouses. Senator Van Luven turns out to be Tanners co-conspirator and his girlfriend. In a showdown at the senators home, Tanner sets his goon, Harry Flint, on the trapped women. Kelly and Diane manage to elude Flints clutches and the women go straight to the reduce with details about Prima. This forces Tanner to destroy his prized weather machine, but he has one more surprise in store for Kelly and Diane. He has secretly build a second Prima in the French Polynesian islands.Tanner and Senator Van Luven escape on Tanners private jet, leaving Prima I set to self-destruct. They intend to hold the world hostage with the power of Prima II. Tanner makes the critical mistake of underestimating his brain-damaged brother Andrew, however. Tanner leaves Andrew behind to die in the Prima explosion. Andrew, even with his mental disability, realizes his brother has become an evil man. As his final act, Andrew sets Prima to destroy the KIG jet with Tanner and Van Luven inside. With Tanner Kingsley dead, his vast conspiracy collapses.Kelly and Diane have survived their ordeal and set about reclaiming the pieces of their lives. Point of View The point of view in Are You Afraid of the Dar k? takes the form of thirdly person narration. This third person narrative is also omniscient, but only to a certain degree. In order to maintain the suspense, author Sidney Sheldon must withhold certain facts from his other than omniscient narration. However, the narrator is easily able to see inside the minds of every character, from major to minor and reveals as much of their thoughts as appropriate.In this way the reader is able to learn about Diane Stevenss and Kelly Harriss relationships to their husbands. The men die at the very outset of the novel, thus it is only through the recollections of the female protagonists that the reader is able to get a sense of the dead mens characters. Interestingly, this semi-omniscient narrative.. Conspiracy A big-brother style conspiracy is at the heart of this action-suspense novel by noted author, Sidney Sheldon. Sheldon, like other conspiracy writers, plays on the natural fear all human beings have of the unknown.Conspiracies seem more f rightening to many people than open hostility because it is difficult, if not impossible, to defend oneself against an unknown enemy. The most chilling parts of any conspiracy stories are the moments in which the conspiracy can actually be seen. These fleeting glimpses of a powerful enemy can be more frightening, psychologically, than confronting a powerful enemy face to face. For Kelly this moment first arrives in her hotel room. When an unseen man lies to her to gain entrance into her suite, she is terrified. Although she does not yet know the scope of the plot against her,..

Game Theory and Life Insurance

Astln Bulletin 11 (198o) 1-16 A GAME T H E O R E T I C LOOK AT L I F E I N S U R A N C E UNDERWRITING* dung bee LEMAIRE Universit6 Libre de Bruxelles Tim decision problem o sufferance or rejection of life insurance proposals is formulated as a vo- soulfulness non cooperattve game between the insurance firm and the constitute of the proposers Using the mmtmax criterion or the mouth criterion, t s shown how the care for and the optunal stxateges back end be computed, and how an optimum s e t of medina , mformatmns dirty dog be selected and utlhzed 1.FORMULATIONOF THE GAME The purpose of this paper, whose m a t h e m a t i c a l level is elementary, is to d e m o n s t r a t e how g a m e t h e o r y rat help the insurers to formulate a n d solve some of their belowwriting problems. The f r a m e w o r k a d o p t e d here is life insurance acceptance, but the concepts developed could be a p p h e d to a n y other branch. The decision problem of acceptance or rejection of life insurance proposals can be f o r m u l a t e d as a two-person non cooperative g a m e the following w a y player 1, P, is the insurer, while player 2, P2, is the sight of all the potential pohcy-hotders.The g a m e is p l a y e d m a n y prison terms, m fact each time a m e m b e r of P. scarf outs m a proposal. Ve suppose t h a t tlfis person is either perfectly h e a l t h y (and should be legitimate) or affected b y a disease which should be detected and cause rejection. We shall turn out for the m o m e n t t h a t the players possess barely two strategies each. acceptance a n d rejection for P, health or disease for P2. To be more than realistic we should infix a third pure s t r a t e g y for P a c c e p t a n c e of the proposer with a surcharge.To keep the epitome as simple as achievable we shall delay the penetration of surcharges until sectmn 4. Consequently we can throttle a 2 x 2 p a y o f f m a t r i x for the insurer. .P P2 sanguine proposer A B ill p roposer C D acceptance rejection I t iS evident t h a t the worst o u t c o m e for the insurer is to accept a b a d put on the strain. I n t e r p r e t i n g the recurrences as utilities for P1, C should be the lowest figure. Clearly D B it is better for the insurer to reject a b a d risk than a good risk.Also A must be greater t h a n B. matchless anight argue a b o u t the relative * Presented at the 14th ASTIN Colloqumm, Taornuna, October x978. 2 jean LEMAIRE value, A and D, of the good outcomes. We shall suppose in the examples and the figures that D A, but the analysis does not rely on this assumptmn. In ramble to find the value of the game and the optimum scheme for P, we can apply the minimax criterion, or the Bayes criterion. 2.THE MINIMAX CRITERION To apply the minimax criterion assimilates P2 to a malevolent opponent whose unique goal is to deceive the insurer and to reduce his payoff. This is of occupation an extremely conservative approach, to be apply by a pessimistic insurer, concerned only by its security level. 2. 1. Value and Optimal Strategies without k instantaneouslyledge Since P2s intention is to harm P, the game becomes a 2 x 2 zero-sum twoperson game, which can be represented graphicaUy. The vertical axis of fig. 1 is the payoff to P1.His come-at-able choices are represented by the two straight lines. The horizontal axis is P2s choice he can always present an healthy proposer, or a non healthy, or pick any chance mix in between. The use of tangled strategies is fully justified here since the game is to be played m any times. Since P2s payoff is the negative of Pls, his objective is to minimize the insurers maximum gain, the heavy broken line. The ordinate of point M publication Io p D A B healthy ixn hiKlllh Fig. i LIFE INSURANCE UNDERWRITING 3 is then(prenominal) the value of the game.The abscissa of M provides the optimal mixed system of P2 Ps optimal strategy can be obtained similarly (for more details see for instance OWLN (1968, p. 29) ) Thus, by adopting a mixed strategy (to accept any risk with a probability D-B PA = A + D B c and t reject w i t h a p r o b a b i l i t y p n = I AD-BC ? A),. P can guarantee himself a payoff of v = A + D B C D-C PH = A + D B C whatever the strategy adopted by his opponent. P2s optmml strategy is to present a proportion of good risks. 2. 2.Introduction of Medical Information The preceding model is extremely naive (and vv1Lt only be utilize as reference for comparisons) since it does not take into account P,s possibility to gather some information about the proposers health, by asking him to fill in an health questmnnaire, or by requiring him to undertake a medical examination. This information is of course only partially reliable. But, stock-still imperfect, it can be used to improve Ps guaranteed payoff. How can the insurer make optimal use of the information lie does have ?It is sufficient for our purposes to characterize cover medical in formation by two parameters Ps, roofing tile probability of successfully noticing a bad risk, and PF, tile false consternation probability of detecting a non-existant illness. allow us store a third pure strategy for P , to follow the indications of tile medical information. If tile proposer is not healthy, his illness is detected with a probabihty Ps, and remains undetected with a probability 1 P S . . P i S expected payoff thus gibes E = Dps + C(1-ps).Smailarly, his payoff m case the proposer is healthy is F = (1pF)A + tFB. Fig. 2 represents a detector with a . 7 success probability and a . 4 false alarm probability. We notice that, m this case, P1 can guarantee himself a payoff v2 vl by mixing the strategies to accept and to follow the detectors indication. Of course, for other values of Ps and PF, tile optimal mixed strategy varies and can mix a different set of pnre strategies. The detector can even be so imperfect that the line .FE passes below the merchandise of B D and AC then the medical information is so weak that it is useless. 4 Payoff to Pl JEAN LEMAIRE JD1 J E ao % 7o % 4o % 6o % I A. healthy fn heall hy Fig. 2 2. 3. Optimal Deteclwn System A detector is characterized by a tally (Ps, PFF) of probabilities. The underwriters can decide to render the standards of acceptation more severe, by rejecting more people, thereby incrcasing the success probabihty Ps. Unfortunately, the false alarm probability PF impart then increase too.Can gaine theory help us to select an optimal detection system ? Must the company choose a nervous detector, with a richly success probability, but also a high false alarm rate, or a pldegmatic or slow system with low probabilities Ps and PF ? let us assume for sunplicity that all the medical information has been aggregated mto a single discriminating variable (for instance by using discrlminant- or reversion analysis). The distribution of the discriminatmg variable for the healthy population will usually over lap the dastribution for the non healthy group.The choice of a particular detector can consist of selecting a critical value, any higher observed value leading to rejection, any lower value to acceptance (this procedure is optimal if the distributions are normal with equal variances Otherwise, tile decision rule can be obtained by a hkelilaood ratio method (see appendix or LEE (1971, pp. 2oi-2o3)). The shaded zone represents the false alarm probability, the dotted region the success probability. Each critical value determines those two probabilities. If the critical value is moved to the right, the detector becomes slower.If it is moved to the left, it become more nervous. The set of all the critical values LIFE INSURANCE UNDERWRITING healthy non healthy value acceptance t of the t n g variable dlSCrlmlnat relectlon Fig. 3 Y Ps Fig 4 defines the readiness curve of the d i s c n m i n a n t variable. The weaker the dlscriminant power of this variable, the nearest to the bissectmg line its efficiency line. A perfect discrimmant variable has a triangular efhciency x y z . The set of all the detectors determines a set of values for the game.The highest value v* for the insurer is reached when the p a y o f f line is horizontal. This can be roughly seen as follows (for a more rigorous proof see LUCE and RAIFFA (1957, pp. 394-396)) the critical value, m o v i n g from left to right, generates a family of hnes with decreasing slope. If . Pat chooses a d e t e c t o r with 6 JEAN LEMAIRE a posttve slope, P= can reduce his payoff below v* b y always presenting h e a l t h y proposers. Similarly, f the slope is negative, a continuous flow of non h e a l t h y proposers will keep Ps payoff below v*. yotl to Pt I D A C h , a i r h rmn heulth, Fig 5 The optimal detector can be easdy obtained b y equating the payoffs E and F Dps + C ( 1 p s ) = A ( l p y ) Then (1) + BpF. D-C C-A PF B A PS + B A defines a straight line in fig. 4, whose intersection with the efficie ncy line determines the o p t i m u m . N o t e t h a t the optimal s t r a t e g y of P is a pure s t r a t e g y to follow the advace of the d e t e c t o r , the insurer does not have to t h r o w a coin after the mecidal examination m order to decide if tile proposer is accepted.W h a t happens is t h a t the noise in the observation system, however small, provides the necessary r a n d o m i z a t i o n in order to p r e v e n t P2 from outguessing the insurer. 2. 4. The Value of Improving the Detectton System A medmal e x a m i n a t i o n can always be improved one can introduce an electrocardmgram, a blood test . . . . for each proposer. B u t s it w o r t h the cost An i m p r o v e d discrimination ability means t h a t tile distributions of fig. 3 are more LIFE INSURANCE UNDERWRITING 7 Fig. 6 Payoff to p, D A im rn i irf r m i n B C healthy on hl, olt h Fig. 7 separated and present less overlap. The characterizing probabilities ibs and PF are maproved, and the efficienc y line moves away from the bisecting line. The intersection of the improved efficiency line with (1) (which is determined only by the payoffs and therefore does not change with increased discrimina- 8 JEAN LEMAIRE tion) provides the spic-and-span optimal detector the associated value is higher for the insurer. If the cost of implementing the new system is less (in utilities) than the difference between the two values, it is worthwhile to introduce it.The insurer should be willing to pay any amount inferior to the difference of the values for the increase in lus discrimination ability. 2. 5. A n Example 1 tout ensemble the proposers above 55 years of age willing to sign a contract of over 3 million Belgian Francs in a wedded company have to pass a complete medical examination with electrocardiogram. We have selected 200 male proposers, loo rejected because of the electrocardiogram, and loo accepted. This focuses the attention on one category of rejection causes the heart diseases, and implicitly supposes that the electrocardiogram is a perfect discriminator.This (not unrealistic) hypothesis being made, we can consider the rejected persons to be non healthy. Correspondingly the accepted proposers will form the healthy group. We have then noted the following characteristics of each proposer x overweight or underweight ( subdue of kilograms minus number of centimeters minus loo) x2 number of cigarettes (average daily number) m the presence of sugar x4 or albumine in the urine x s the familial antecedents, for the mother, xs and the father of the proposer. We then define a variable x0 = l o if the proposer is healthy 1 otherwise nd apply a standard selection technique of discriminant analysis in order to sort out the variables that slgnihcantly affect Xo The procedure only retains three variables xj, x2 and m, and combines them hnearly into a discriminating variable. The value of this variable s computed for all the observatmns, and tile observed distributions are presented in fig. 8. As was expected, the discrimination is quite poor, the distributions strongly overlap. The multiple coefficient of correlation between Xo and the set of the explaining variables equals . 26. The group centroids are respectively . 4657 and . 343We then estmaate for each possible crltmal value Ps and PF and plot them on fig. lo. t This e x a m p l e p r e s e n t s v e r y w e a k d e t e c t o r s a n d is o n l y i n t r o d u c e d m o r d e r to illus t r a t e t h e p r e c e d m g theory. LIFE INSURANCE UNDERWRITING 9 Fig 8 S Fig 9 We must now assign uNhtlcs to the mixed outcomes. We shall select A = 8, B = 4, C = o and D = lo. Then the value of the g a m e w i t h o u t medical information is 5. 714, P2 presenting 2/7 of bad usks and P i accepting 3/7 of the proposals. Let us now introduce the medmal reformation nd for instance evaluate the s t r a t e g y t h a t corresponds to a . 5 critical value. On fig. lO, we can read s = . 51 a n d PF = 33. The n E = . 5 ? o + . 4 9 x o = 5-, a n d F = 3 3 x 4 + . 67 x 8 = 6. 68. The value of this game is 6 121, P2 presenting more bad risks (34. 1%), P I mixing the strategies r e j e c t and follow d e t e c t o r with respect- 10 JEAN LE/vIAIRE F i g . 1o Fig. 11 LIFE INSURANCE UNDERWRITING 11 lye probabilities . 208 and . 792 Fig. 11 shows t h a t this s t r a t e g y is too slow, t h a t too m a n y risks are accepted.On the other hand, a detector wth a . 4 critical value is too nervous too m a n y risks are rejected T h e value is 5. 975, P2s optimal s t r a t e g y is to present 74. 7% of good risks, while Pa should accept 29. 7% of the tmle and trust the d e t e c t o r otherwise. To find the o p t i m u m , we read the intersection of the efficiency line with equation (1), in this case 5 F = 2 2 Ps We find PF = . 425 Ps = . 63 with a critical value of . 475. T h e n E = lOX. 63 + ox. 37 = . 4254 + 5 7 5 x 8 = 6. 3. f the insurer adopts the ptue s t r a t e g y of always accepti ng the a d w c e of the medical information, he can g u a r a n t e e himself a value of 6. 3 irrespective of his o p p o n e n t s strategy. L e t us now a t t e m p t to improve the me examination b y a d & n g a new variable xT, the blood pressure of the proposer Because of the high positive correlation between xt and xv, the selection procedure only retains as significant the variables x. % xe and x7 Fig. 9 shows t h a t the distributions are more separated. In fact, the group centroids are now . 4172 and . 828 and the multiple correlation between xo and the selected variables rises to . 407. T h e efficiency hne (fig IO) is uniformly to the right of the f o r m e r one. The intersection with (1) is PF = 37 P,s = . 652 with a critical value of approxunatxvely . 45. The value of the game rises to 6. 52, an i m p r o v e m e n t of 22 for the insurer at the cost of controlling the blood pressure of each proposer (see fig. 1). 3 THE BAYES CRITERION I n s t e a d of playing as if t he proposers sole objective were to o u t s m a r t him, the insurer can a p p l y the B a r e s crlteron, i. . assume t h a t P2 has a d o p t e d a fixed a priori s t r a t e g y H e can suppose (from past experience o1 from the results of a try on s u r v e y p e r f o r m e d with a m a x n n a i me&cal examination) t h a t a p r o p o r t i o n Pn of the proposers is healthy. The analysis is easier m this 12 JEAN LEMAIRE case, since P2s m i x e d strategy is now assumed to be known P t only faces a one-dimensional p r o b l e m he must maximize his utility on the d o t t e d vertical line of fig. 12. Pc/Of f p to JD A t B, N C ol eall hy 1 PH PH non heoll hy Fig 12 unrivalled notices from fig. 12 t h a t a medical examination is sometimes useless, especially if PH is near 1. In this case, P t s optimal s t r a t e g y is to accept all the proposers. In the general case, P t should m a x m n z e the linear function of PF a n d PH 5FB + (1 pF)ASH + paD + (I ps)c (1 PH), under the condition t h a t PF and Ps are linked b y the efficiency curve of fig. 4. As far as the example is concerned, this economic function (represented in fig lo) becomes 1. Ps 3 4PF if one supposes that p2s mixed s t r a t e g y is to present 15% of bad risks. 6. 8 + F o r the first set of medical information (xl, x2, x6), tile m a x i m u m is reached at the point Ps = . 28, PF = . 09. Since PH is r a t h e r tngh, this is a v e r y slow detector, yielding a fmal u t d l t y of 6. 914. Comparing to the optimal n n x e d strategy, this represents an increase in utility of . 614, due to tlie exploitation of . P2s poor play. Of course, tliis d e t e c t o r is only good as long as P2 sticks to LIFE INSURANCE UNDERWRITING 3 his mixed strategy. It is uneffective against a change in the proposers behaviour if for instance PH suddenly drops below . 725, Ps utlhty decreases under 6. 3, the guaranteed payoff with the mlmmax strategy In this aspect, the Bayes criterion implies a more optimistic attitute of P1. For the second set of medical information (x2, m, xT), the opblnal detector (Ps = . 45, bF = o9) grants a utility of 7. t69 if PH = . 85, an improvement of . 649 colnparing to the ininimax strategy (see fig. 11). 4. T O W A R D S MORE R E A L I S M 4. 1. SurchargesConceptually, the introduction of the possibility of accepting a proposer with a surcharge presents little difficulty it amounts to introduce one more pure strategy for the insurer. Payoll to ID A G B heollhy non heoil hy F , g . 13 A detector could then be defined by two critical values C1 and C2 enveloping an m c e m t u d e or surcharge zone. The two critical limits would detelmme 4 probabihtles fl f12 p8 p4 = = = = probability probabihty probability probability of of of of accepting a bad risk surcharging a bad risk rejecting a good risk surcharging a good risk 14 JEAN LEMAIRE ealthy non healthy V Surcharle I C1 C2 Fig. 14 and two efficiency curves. A necessary condition for a detector to be optimal is that the like payoff hne is horizontal, i. e. that (2) (1emailprotected + 7b,G + p3B = ( 1 p p 2 ) D + P2H + PC. The two efficiency curves and (2) determine 3 relations between the probabilities. One more degree of freedom is thus available to maximize the payoff. 4. 2. Increaszng the Number of Strategies of P2 In order to practically implement the preceding theory one should subdivide P2s strategy present a non healthy proposer according to the arious classes of diseases. P1 should then have as pure strategaes reject, accept, a set of surcharges, and follow detectors advice, and P2 as m a n y pure strategms as the number of health classes. The graphical interpretation of the game is lost, but linear programming fan be used in order to determine its value and optimal strategies. Appendix The Likehhood Ratio Method Let x be the value of tlle discriminant variable, healthy, p(H) and p(NH) the a priori probabihties of being healthy or non f(x I H) and f(x NH) the c onditional distributions of x.We can then compute the a posterior1 probability of being non healthy, given the value of the discriminant variable (1) p = p ( N g ix) = f(x l g H ) p ( N H ) f(x l N H ) p ( g g ) + f ( x l H)p(H) LIFE INSURANCE UNDERWRITING 15 Similarly p ( H I x) = l p. T h e e x p e c t e d payoffs for the two decisions are EPA = ( 1 p ) A EPR = (1-p)B Define D* to be D* = EPA + pC + po. EPn = (A-B)+(D-C)p (A-B). Consequently, D* is a linear function of p, with a positive slope. There exists a critical b, b,, for which D* = o (A B ) Pc = ( A B ) + ( D C ) nd the optimal decision rule is to reject if p Pc ( t h e n D * o ) a n d t o accept if p Pc (then D * o ) . If f ( x H) and f(x I N H ) are normal densities with equal variances, there is a one-to-one m o n o t o n i c family relationship between p and x, and thus the crttmal p r o b a b l h t y Pc induces a critical value xe. In general, however, the cutoff point is not unique. T h e r e m a y be two or more critical values. In t h a t case, we define the likelihood ratio of x for hypothesis N H over hypothesis H as f(x N H ) L(x) Of f(x I H) c o u r s e o _- L(x) = oo.S u b s t i t u t i n g L(x) in (1) gives 1 P = or 1 L(x) p ( N H ) + p(H) p 1 (2) L(x) p ( N H ) l p F o r constant a priori probabilities, there is a m o n o t o n e relationship between p and L(x) L(x) goes from o to oo as p goes from o to 1. Therefore, a unique critical likelihood ratio Lc(x) exists and can be obtained b y replacing Pc for p in (2) (3) p(H) A B Lc(x) p ( N H ) D C 6 JEAN LEMAIRE p 1. 0 -Pc = 0 5 0. 5 I I I NH H I_- X? I J_ X? 2 H Fig. 15 The optimal decision rule reads if L(x) L c ( x ) , reject if L ( x ) L c ( x ) , accept.Notice that, i f A B = D C , pc = 1/2 The decision rule is equivalent to maximizing the e x p e c t e d n u m b e r of correct classifications. F r o m (3) p(H) L e(x) (NH) If, furthermore, the prior probabiities are equal, Lc(x) = 1. REFERENCES AXELROD, 1 (1978) Copzng wzth deception, International conference on applied game theory, Vmnna LEE, V,r. (1971) Decszon theory and human behaviour, J. Wiley, New York LuCE, R and H AIFFA (1957). Games and deczszons, J Wiley, New York. OWEN, G. (1968) Game theory, V. Saunders, Philadelphia.

Desertification

What Causes Desertification? -Overgrazing Overgrazing was not as large of a problem long ago because animals would break down in response to rainfall. stack would move with the animals so it prevented overgrazing in such beas. Now, humans have a steady feed supply so they do not have to move about. Therefore, people use fences to keep their animals in one place which causes overgrazing. (Desertification, 2001) -Farming of Average Land Farming of fair(a) land is causation desertification worldwide. Farmers are clearing average land, and apply it which takes away the richness in the nastiness.People should let the average land replenish itself before farming. (Desertification, 2005) -Destruction of Plants in Dry Regions Destruction of plants in dry regions is causing desertification to occur. People are cutting down tress to use them as a source of fuel. Once all these trees are cut down in that location is nothing to protect the soil. Therefore, it turns to dust and is blow n away by the wind. (Desertification, 2005) - amiss(p) Irrigation in Arid Regions Causes a Build Up of Salt in the Soil Incorrect irrigation is commonly used in sorryer areas.Farmers are using canal irrigation and other poor techniques because of the lack of water. This type of irrigation causes a build up of salt in the soil. (Desertification, 2005)The Effects Of Desertification -Soil becomes less us subject The soil can be blown away by wind or washed away rain. Nutrients in the soil can be removed by wind or water. Salt can build up in the soil which makes it harder for plant growth. -Vegetation is Lacked or shamed Loosened soil may bury plants or leave their roots exposed.Also, when overgrazing occurs, plant species may be lost. -Causes Famine Places that have war and poverty are most likely to have famine occur. Drought and poor land management contribute to famine. -Food Loss The soil is not suited for growing food therefore the amount of food being made will decline. If the population is growing, this will cause economic problems and starvation. -People near Affected Areas Desertification can cause flooding, poor water quality, dust storms, and pollution. All of these effects can hurt people living near an affected region. The Facts of Desertification and United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, 2000)Case Stude The Sahel Desert In the Sahel Desert, desertification is becoming a huge problem. Around the 1950s, people settled into the Sahel region, in areas where there was water. This resulted in overgrazing, which is one of the greatest causes of desertification. Eventually, the perennial shrubs were destroyed because of grazing, and they were replaced by annuals. Then, the annuals were crop out which left bare soil. A lot of the topsoil was washed away, and all that was left were rocks.Silt turned hard when it was hit by rain. Therefore, plants were not able to grow because there roots could not penetrate this hard layer. Now this region h as turned to desert and it continues to expand. (Desertification, The Sahel, 2004) Records show that rainfall in Sahel has decreased and smoothen have shifted about sixty miles south into the area. Sahel is expanding due to lack of vegetation in the area. (Sahel, 2005) Another reason desertification is occurring in the Sahel region is because people are using the slashing and burning method to clear land.This degrades the quality of soil just like overgrazing. (Desertification-a Threat to the Sahel, 2000) Short Term Effects of Desertification in the Sahel -Soil loses its nutrients which makes it not useful -Overgrazing destroys vegetation and without it erosion occurs -Land becomes salty which makes it difficult to grow crops Long Term Effects of Desertification in the Sahel -People die of starvation -Cattle die of starvation -The soil becomes completely useless (Prospects and Problems, 2004)

A case study on Padini Malaysia Essay

IntroductionIn Malaysia Padini become the eyes catching grade in the just about famous giant shopping mall. This brand withal the most(prenominal) advantageful brand that I meet that advise compete with the foreign uniform get brands equivalent Giordano, Esprit, Elle and etc. From the minor focus group I did between my friends and relatives, surprisingly more than 90% of them thought that Padini is the foreign branded name desire Esprit. Until I told them that real Padini is the Malaysia local brand they also feel proud of this brand Padini. gum olibanum, Padini also has the history from the stretch until today so popular in the Malaysia consumers mind. Therefore, this is the reason why I chosen Padini as the brand that is MADE IN MALAYSIA to compete with other(a) brands in Hong Kong to show that Malaysia BolehHistoryPadini began as a backend operation in Malaysias apparel industry, manufacturing, trading and supplying garments for retailers and distributors.Padini in Mal aysias is a multibillion textiles and garment industry, a brand leader involved in the distribution and retail of its own room labels through 170 freestanding stores and in house outlet.It has also proudly carried the Made-in-Malaysia stamp abroad, with garment exembrasures to Singapore, Thailand, Brunei and West Asia.The success of the fraternity groundwork be attributed to the prudence of it management and the commitment of its staff.Padini Products RangePadini is mainly an integrated operation that controls its increases fashionwear and accessories from concept stage to manufacturing, merchandise and jut tradeing. Each brand represents a fashion philosophy each philosophy covers a comprehensive range of products aimed at a targeted consumer. Brand image is strongly O.K. up by real value quality, functionality and price.Padini BrandsWe address fashion-conscious consumers of both sexes and all ages through eight distinct brands Padini Classic, Padini Authentic, PDI, P & C o, Seed, Miki House, and Rope. Vincci accessories have cogitate on the fast changing tastes of woman consumers, and Seed Cafe opens an exciting new dimension in food operations for the company.Padinis New StoresThe company is on the expansion trail, with new stores targeted in the immediate future for Ampang Point, Prangin Mall Penang, Jusco Maluri and IOI Mall.The Padini Mega Store in Johor Baru confirms the companys reputation as a illusionist leader in fashion retail. The 12,000 sq ft store consolidates all its brands under one roof for a total experience in shopping for clothes.In The PipelinePadini leave behind maintain and increase its leadership position in Malaysias fashion industry through various strategies. New brands and increased product diversity are key expansion policies. The company exit continue to upgrade the image of its products while emphasising value and quality. Vincci is the companys successful toehold in the lucrative but competitive womens footwear co mmercialise. There are plans to strengthen its dominant position with improved production lines and increased capacity. Having successfully etch its brand names into the consciousness of Malaysian consumers, Padini is moving to turn its various labels into regionally recognised fashionleaders. It intends to fulfil the potential of the export market, especially in the Asean region, and will also step up overseas marketing for its products.Image ActivitiesPadini recognises the value of advertising and promotions in enhancing the presence and leadership of its brands. It participates in*Magazine ad (Female, Nuyou, Eh, Cleo, Marie Claire, FHM, New Tide and Cittabella)*Cinema advertise (Tanjong Golden Village, Mega and Pavillion)Blow-up posters at key freestanding stores, banners and fashion shows have all contributed to Padinis complete lifestyle message. passelThe vision shared by e realone in Padini is to be the market leader in the retail industry. We are committed to achieving th is goal through hard work, qualify and creative endeavour. Currently, Padini Holdings is consolidating its operations in request to be even more streamlined. In the long terms, we will continue to maintain our high standard of bearing and manufacturing quality as well as affordability. We are also working towards expanding the business on a regional basis. At present, we have a growing presence in our neighbouring countries, and we believe that there is great scope for growth.Environmental scanning towards country chosenMarketing in different countries around the macrocosm are depending to many influences. It is possible to identify those influences in order to clear the market thoroughly. The development of successful international marketing strategies is based on an rough-and-ready understanding of the similarity and differences that exist in the countries around the world.Padini are concerned with international markets need to be aware of the variety market contemplations relevant to their operations. peculiarly Padini only has limited exposure to international markets. Padini also lack of experiences toward the totally differences culture, geographically and other PEST factors countries like Hong Kong and Taiwan. The countries that Padini recently built their brand personal identity are Singapore, Thailand and Brunei.Therefore, in this assignment I plan to develop this domestic brand -Padini in Hong Kong. Although it is full of challenge built this domestic brand in this full of stiff competition country. At the same quantify, Padini also will face a lot of the new problems like how to manage the four seasonal stocks keeping, design, 4ps and etc. But, if Padini can overcome the problems and successfully built the brand image like Giordano, in the future Padini also can develop their brand in Japan, Middle East, Pakistan and etc. It is because Giordano already successfully open their outlets around the world, amazingly Giordano able to open 50 ou tlets in Middle East.Thus, in order to eliminate the problems we must scan the environment thoroughly.Buyer behaviourIn international marketing the type of buyer behaviour must be matched to market considerations. Thus, Padini must understand the Hong Kong consumers buying behaviour towards fashion. The type of consumer buying behaviour varies according to the type of buying decision. The main influences relate to the differences between the brands available to the consumer and the gunpoint of personal involvement decision.Buying process is relatively quick because of the limited differences between brands (it means the brands that have parallel image like Bossini, Giordano, Elle and etc) But not included high price brands like Guess, Calvin Klein (CK), Gucci and etc. It also under low involvement, low price compare toGucci and low risk group. Thus, consumers will everlastingly make their quick and fast decision when purchase Padini products.Therefore, if Padini enter into Hong Ko ng market, in the future Padini will become the potential brand in international market. nuanceThe difference of culture in international marketing is thoughtful. It is an obvious source of difference. Some easy to manage but some the other routes round. kitchen-gardening is difficult to define precisely. It is the way, which people live together in a society, it also can influence by religion, education, family and reference groups.In Hong Kong the Hongkee are very concern about their personal image, especially the younger generation. They are willing to spend the money to make-up themselves and never think about the saving. Padini will has a competitive advantage in fashion market it is because nowadays the trend for the fashion will change so aggressively. Padini still can keep the appeal low production because Padini is the backend operation apparel industry.Padini also can eliminate the culture problem in Hong Kong it is because the culture between Malaysia Chinese and Hong K ong are sooner similar. It is because the Malaysian had influenced by Hong Kong culture through charge and media since we had our television.Politic factorsThe legal system operating within a host country is an important environmental influence for international marketers. Fortunately Padini products are the simple ordinary consumer products. But, the following areas in which international marketing management will be concerned to understand the legal position.Contracts for the supply and delivery of goods and servicesThe registration and enforcement of trademarks, brand names, labelling PatentsMarketing communicationsPricingProduct safety, acceptability and environmental issuesHong Kong is a free port and the financial hub in Asia. In Hong Kong the politic is stable compare to a lot of other countries. Therefore, it is the time to develop the brand in that country.Economic factorsCountries can be classified in a variety of ways. Most classifications are based on national income an d degree of industrialisation. Hong Kong GDP per capita in excess of $ 3000. The market size and growth is encouraged, it is because Giordano can open the more than 50 outlets in Hong Kong within a years. Thus, the demand will very impressive if Padini fashion can really suit the taste of the Hongkee.Competitive factorsStiff competition sure will occur in Hong Kong market, but Padini brand image is strongly backed up by real value quality, functionality and price.In Michael Porters five forces the important forces that can affect Padini in Hong Kong is the rivalry between the competitors and customers. The others like substitutes, supplier and new entrant will be the second consideration.How to develop brand image3.0 SymbolsBuyers respond differently to company and brand images. The primary way to account for NIKE. NIKE succeeded in convincing millions of young consumers that shoe is not simply the shoe, its an attitude. Padini should also need to acquire this influence power in con sumers mind.3.1Media/ AdvertisingPadini in Malaysia is the popular brand in consumers mind. If Padini wish to develop the brand image in the Hong Kong consumers mind it not so easy. Therefore, Padini should appear in the most popular Hong Kong magazine.Apart from it, Padini also can give the post card brochures to customers to increase the brand awareness.On top of that, Padini might engage in programmes that broadcast the fashion shows around the clock or 24 hours in the Specially formulated Fashion Channel in the satellite TV.3.2Events/ product endorsementA company can build an identity through the events it sponsors. Every one know that Hong Kong TV programmes is attractive, consumers like to watch TV at the same time they also like to final payment the actor or actress as their image role model. Thus, if Padini can successfully sponsor the costume to the actor or actress in some soup opera or TV programmes. Padini brand will become more popular. These role models can conduct fa n club activities featuring autography academic session and all these product endorsers are wearing Padini outfits.When Padini develop their brand in Hong Kong it still need to choose the appropriate media to promote their brand and products. Thus, Padini can take part in their fashion show. For example, every month in Hong Kong most popular shopping centre TIME SQUARE will conduct the fashion show. At the same time, a lot of the famous actors and actresses will come to give the comment toward the model, designer and the fashion they wear. If Padiniproduct also can be chosen by the famous actor or actress as their brand I feel that Padini will has the bright future in Hong Kong.3.3 AtmosphereThe corporeal space occupied by the company is another powerful image generators. For example, in Hong Kong DKNY developed a distinctive image through its outlets. When you enter in you will feel enter into star trek space ship.Thus, Padini need to survey how the competitors outlets interior d esign, layout, colour and furnishings in order to match the taste of the customers. If not, the consumers will project the brand is the inferior brand because of the outlets.How to maintain the brand equityICEBERG MODELPadini also need to plan how to maintain the brand equity, actually maintain the brand equity is difficulty as develop the brand. A brand is what the customer buys. But, the equity is the marketing asset that exists in the customers mind.Brands must be holistically integrated to meet target needs. For example in the Iceberg model the brand with nothing below the waterline lacks depth and sustainability. Thus it will not last for a long period of time.Actually Padini must always take care of their stakeholders.Padini should not only aim for exploit the profit and abandon the employees and other shareholders feeling. The best employees will generate the empire for the company if they sincere to their company. They will feel proud to be the members of the company. On th e other hand, if the company squeeze them lack of motivation to them, sooner or later they will try todestroy the brand of the company.How to be a social prudent brandNowadays the global marketer concern about environmental issues and social responsible. Padini also can take this opportunity to develop their brand in consumers mind.Padini can do some promotion for example, if the customers purchase their products and keep their recycle bag for next time shopping use in Padini outlet they will deduct 10 cents for the environment charity group. It is because Padini can cultivate the customers to become more environmental friendly and Padini also can save their cost. At the same time, if everyone in Time Square carries Padini Bag, the other will be curious and wish to be part of the culture too. Therefore, the bag should have the serial turn of events therefore the retailers only can proof the bag is old.From the serial number, Padini also can motivate the customers in the better way by offering them the favourable draw in every month to win the Padini products like belt, tee- shirt, vouchers and etc.Padini is the manufactures they have high technology in dyeing the material. At the same time, Padini also can tell the consumers that they very concern the environment pollution issues.Conclusion- Long Term StrategyPadini also need to do the internal and foreign audit to strengthen the position in the international market. To do the audit the first step should do by Padini is to benchmarking with their strategy group competitors. The following depict is some example how to maintain the advertisement quality, outlets atmosphere, models, design and brand image compare with the competitors.Therefore, Padini also need to employ some of the foreign designer to affectionateness insome new blood in their new innovate design or pattern.Padini also need to provide some training to their stuffs to recruit skill and knowledge. As we know that world change aggressively, competitors have born everyday. If we cannot plan to create the value chain to the company, the company will hard to die hard prosperity.

A Local Environmental Issue

Over the past centuries, people have engaged in many activities that brought about changes in the quality of wrinkle in Metropolitan Manila, the greater metropolitan area of the city of Manila, the National capital of the Philippines. These changes were introduced with the construction of cities and during the onset of the industrial Revolution. Urban construction, transportation and industrial activities up to the fork over times have added new materials not normally found in air.Some of these changes are beneficial while others are harmful. These materials have changed the quality of the air. The air that surrounds us contains substances which could be considered examples of natural pollutants such as ashes from vol bearic eruptions, salt from the sea, and even pollen grains from plants. These air pollutants if present in air in large amounts can cause harm to life and property.Human activities have added more pollutants to the air. These air pollutants are of two groups Those th at affect our health such as Particulate egress or Suspended Particulates, sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, Air Toxics, Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbons. The other group of air pollutants are those that affect our environment, which cause harm by holdfast the properties of the air such as Ozone and Photochemical Smog and Depleters of Stratospheric Ozone.Transportation and industry have contributed lots to the pollution of the air. Motor vehicles are the major sources and contributor of pollutants in cities like Metro Manila. Gasoline-fueled vehicles produce more particulates and oxides of nitrogen. Human activities have also upset the balance in ozone layer.Knowing the harmful effects of air pollution, what indeed should people do about it? The most we can do is to reduce the amount of harmful substances that will enter the atmosphere and remove as much pollutants from the air as possible.Removing pollutants from the air is not as effective as preventing pollution and reducing pollu tion. Preventing pollution is more effective and easier to do than removing pollutants from the air. Nature much does this for us for examples the high rainfall and the frequent and strong typhoons cleanse the air for us. However, we have no control over Natures self-cleansing schedule.ReferencesSantos, Gil Nonato C and Jorge P. Ocampo (2003). erudition and Technology I. Rex Printing Company, Inc. Manila.

Judas at the Jockey Club

As an American in the late 1800s, makeing a furtherm was non too uncommon, curiously if that farm was located in Mexico. At this time, though, Mexico was in the Porfirian Era (1876-1911). In this certain era, Mexico was being encountered by cardinal genuinely different cultures at the same time the industrial, and the traditional. These distinctively separate cultures impacting Mexico made it as what can be expound as backwards in a sense, as Mexico was practically regressing as the world around it was moving on to bigger and better things.Mexico was so behind that galore(postnominal) had think that Mexico had still to advance beyond chipped rocks as utensils. (p. 67). Mexico at this time had locked itself in a stagnancy of its own traditions. The people were simply too anxious towards stark nakeder technology to move ahead and replace what they had know for so long. In Mexico at this time, st hotshots were utilize for n early(a) e very operation executed by the natives . Women that would hand-grind the meal for tortillas sedate utilize a stone roller and slab for the job.They would then take the tortillas and place them upon a hot rock, as stoves were unheard-of at this time. The houses that they lived in excessively represented the backwardness of the era, as they seemed to replicate that of an Aztec or early Spanish hut with its flat top and adobe construction. In these houses, the Mexicans lacked all types of furniture, even a bed. For sleep, they used what were called petates, which were simple mats to sleep on. They also did not possess whatsoever means of heating or cooling, so all resources that they had were to be utilized in many ways.As far as the implementation of new technology goes, Mexico was very stubborn to say the least. As written in the book, In near disbelief, a current York Times reporter wrote that Mexicans scarcely understood the use of the wheel. (p. 72), so it is not entirely difficult to look at that Mexico was un perturbed in an ancient vivificationstyle. Because of this lack of transportation technology, many Mexicans at the time would use mules as well as men to transport freight across distances.This was a huge representation of the scrubby technological growth that Porfirian Mexico possessed. Another great vision of Mexicos poorly adaptive society was the plow. This plow was described as being a long tree branch, with a crook, sometimes faced with an iron, serving as the plowshare. (p. 72). It also is told to be ox-powered, hooked up to its honkers, making it unreliable and at most times inefficient. It was also awfully bad for the ox, as it made the creature push and strain on its neck muscles.On the ranches that did tho import plows from the United States, one handle would be removed to replicate the traditional tool that was still used, rather than learning to use the newer and better improved one. Other Agricultural tools were not used in Mexico either, further representing the s tubbornness Mexicans possessed toward change. Wheat was still harvested by a sickle, rather than a shine blade. The wheat was not caught by a cradle either, virtually creating more work for the Mexicans overall. No tools were used to thresh the wheat either.Instead, the grain was threshed by spreading it in a corral and allowing the animals to trample it for two or three days. (p. 73). By the time the process was complete, dirt and animal filth was mixed in with the product, making it very much unsanitary. Not only were these Mexicans stubborn to adapting the new technologies, they were hostile as well. aft(prenominal) one hacendado had learned that the thresher machine was much more effective and practical, the village priest had tell that it was possessed by the devil and forbade the peons to work with it. (p. 73) the American owner of this machine had to keep back it exported discover of the demesne to prevent it from being destroyed. Despite the unholy declarations of pri ests, many villagers naturally opposed apply the machines because they left the chaff whole. On top of this resistibility to change, the farmers who grew such crops were ignorant to the fact of rotating and waiting the fields. They just did not understand the scientific ways that were upon them.One of the next biggest appearances of the ignorance and stubborn acts of Mexican workers at this time was the views they held on the basic tools of the Yankees. As the new technologies of shovels and wheelbarrows were being brought into Mexico, they were being completely disregarded. When Mexicans inquireed to transfer or transport the earth, they would use what was called a horn scoop, and dump their collected dirt into a leather bag for transportation rather than throwing shovelfuls into a wheelbarrow.An display case of wheelbarrow use is told as the following one laborer working on the church soaked his wheelbarrow with bricks, lifted it onto his head, and trudged over to the mason s. After emptying it, he replaced the wheelbarrow on his head and returned to the brick flower hummer for another load. (p. 74). All means of irrigation were done by transferring the water by means of a pot or bucket. Sometimes other ways were implemented as well, alone nonetheless, these was were too known to be dated back to ancient times.The simplicity of it was so neanderthal in style that its told that these methods of irrigation were derived from those used on the Nile hundreds of years before, and not improved on since. Mining as well was un-influenced by the evolving technologies, as the mines scarcely differed from what they had been over past years. The workers would dig into the hillside, and use long poles, generally 8-10 feet in length, to escape in and out of the mine. The tools the actual miners utilized was a steel-tipped iron rod, rather than the contemporary pick of the modern age.These drillers, or barrateros, were known as the elite society of the underground , also being paid much better than others. As far as the ore-transferring process went, it was very dangerous, in the fact of ascending up these wooden poles to the surface. Its said that the workers would rest the bag filled with ore, usually around 150-200 pounds, on his back and begin the ascent. Its also said that the attack aircraft carrier would often have to hold the bag steady with one hand to prevent it from falling, climbing and retaining ease with the other.The process Mexicans used for processing the ore was also deemed very inefficient and mediocre, as one engineer estimated that using these techniques Mexican miners took away about 60 percent of the metal contained in the raw ore. (p. 76). Mexicans also sported yet another downfall, as they relied on rawhide as a crutch for and any all repairs. Thongs yoked the plow to the ox, bound cargoes on the backs of mules, stitched together everything that could be laced, tied rails to fence posts, and held rafters in place. (p. 76).That previous sentence jolly much sums it up- the idea that what a Mexican could not do with rawhide was not worth doing. (p. 76). Mexicans had virtually eliminated the need for any sort of pins or nails in their society. However, though this rawhide-repairing technique was useful on many things, it would not be accepted let alone effective on machinery. Their means of repair through rawhide impute them at a handicap had a repair been needed for any sort of machine, especially one made from cast iron.When a problem like this would emerge, the Mexicans would simply toss that machine aside and no longer worry about it. This furthermore beef up the ignorance to technology that Mexicans sported. Mexico in this period of time was very much behind technologically. They did not induce change, nor did they embrace it if it was placed in front of them. They faced many disadvantages in the Porfirian Era because of this, but yet, they were not stagnant in their duties. The Mexicans, still using the ancient practices that have been long used by their ancestors, would get the job done.Their work ethic was definitely an admirable one, but the shame of it overall is to think that they couldve gotten so much more done had they not been so resolved toward new technologies. This obvious stubbornness sent them into the regression, or backwardness that they were known for at the time, strongly reinforced by the idea that if its not broken, dont fix it. Eventually, though, Mexico at this time would be attacked by the Porfirian Liberals, who posted restrictions upon the church and seized lands in attempt to modernize the so very far-behind Mexicans.In response to the attacks, these Mexicans under siege confronted modern life in the countryside and the city, and fought to preserve their customs (p. 88). Mexicans of this time were just not going to cave in to any foreign force, whether it be a change in technologies, or a change in customs. They were very stubborn and st rong-willed with their beliefs, regardless of who or what was threatening them. That clearly demonstrates why Mexico is not necessarily a place to implant new technologies, especially ones that attempt to improve on their own previous traditions.

Health Care and Communication Essay

How does effective dialogue incorporate the rudimentary elements of dialogue? Health chat means from the way we socialize about our health problems around the dinner party table to the patient-c atomic number 18giver reciprocal action, good dragership and great teamwork in health care organizations, and the health images in the media. Because our health is so dynamic, complex, and mutually dependent, while it is very important to understand the current issues and how the many persona element, as of a system to come into a mutual or reciprocal traffichip.Efficient communication is noted by many important focuses of the communication functioning. However, there are many processes of communication and the elements be of many important elements and provide formal and informal channels, which are very common within study health organizations. The major element of communication is sorted into three major elements. These are the elements that incorporate the process or an isolated event, the involvement of at the minimum of two or more people, and the exchanging of personal information.These focuses are firmly together by many variables, which have influenced the effectiveness in something called the communication process. . How do the elementary elements of effective communication differ from the basic rules of health care communication? Interpersonal or pertaining to the relations between persons communication must be clear, complete, and, understanding. The health care pains survives on multiple communication efforts between the doctors, the nurses, the specialists, with the insurance companies and many other singulars like patients.Interpersonal communication is the plan that holds the medical industry together. It also serves as protection or a guard of customer satisfaction and which can proscribe a medical mishap with huge consequence. How might a provider encourage a backward consumer to communicate candidly? A provider can influence an unwilling consumer to communicate unreservedly adept and frank in healthcare by spreading ideas and information throughout the community and while victimization communication to make the team be more effective.Teamwork can be used as a effectively way to communicate with one another by conditionally telling each individual by acknowledging ideas, and opinion as well as giving support to each other, and co-worker. Organization may be large or small depends on the work performance of its employee to be successful. This is why communication is playing a big role in the organization. Without communication among employees as well as supervisors could lead the company be unsuccessful and fail.

A Systemic Functional Analysis of the Advertisement of the Cadd

pic A Systemic Functional Analysis of the advertizing of the CADD A statistic in 2008 shows that around one in six deaths on roads caused by intoxicated drivers. People may have wrong judgment and slower reaction after they intoxicated alcohols. A traffic accident is most likely to occur in such situations. As a consequence, a variety of campaigns have taken numerous actions to persuade mickle not to crapulence and drive. They built websites, and produce ads and videos to promote their ideas. The Campaign Against Drinking & Driving is one of them.CADD is trying to free people whose relatives have died or hurt in drunk driving from sorrows. This short essay will analyze a frequent service advertizing against drink and drive published in the website of the CADD. The opthalmic images, verbal schoolbooks, and the linkage betwixt them will be discussed in systemic functional approaches. The advertisement is displayed in a horizontal shift which involves viewing audience refl ection. Two elements, a collection of smashed glasses and the sentence Whats the monetary take to be of a bottle of wine-coloured are most salient in their color and size.In a blank background, the commonalty glasses and the red sentence are enlarged to attract viewing audience attention. Furthermore, the distance between viewing audience and the visual image become intimate by close shot. Firstly, some visual metaphors lav well observed from the visual image of this advertisement. The shape of broken bottle is identical to a crashed car. The target reach is a collection of smashed glasses, while the source domain is a crashed car. The separated segment potful be seen as the tyre of the crashed car. In addition, some small glasses that arranged to cardinal lines can be regarded as car tracks.The designer used a broken bottle to form a scene of a car accident. The connection between the broken bottle and the crashed car is the wine, namely, the alcohol. It warns implicitly that a car accident will happen if the intake of alcohol is excessive. Apart from the connotation the metaphors contain, some opposite elements abd styles of representation are consisdered as carrriers of connotation (Machin,2007). Firstly, the participant can be canvass. As there is no participant in the crashed car, it can be concluded that the result of drunk driving is macrocosm a victim in a car accident.Then, the color of these visual images also has connotations. The color of newspaper headline and text is red, while the wine bottle is green. Since the background is blank, these two contrastive colors form a sharp contrast to attract viewers attention. The red color also means warning, so that viewers will put more attention on the headline and text. Additionally, the linguistic messages cause the advertisements purpose more explicit. There are two clauses in the advertisement. The first clause is a surplus question which asks for the viewers responses.The designer want ed viewers to give an answer of price. According to the analysis, the price in the headline whats the price of a bottle of wine can be analyzed in three levels. The first level is analyzing from its denotation. The price in this level will be the value labeled in the goods shelf. The second and third level meanings are connoted in the background. The price in these two levels are more likely consequences of drunk driving. As this advertisement aimed at persuading people not to drink and drive, the connotation of price can be derived from it.The price paid in the second level is drunk drivers health, even the life. In order to study the third level, the background of the Campaign Against Drinking & Driving should be introduced. One of the CADD aims is providing support to the families of victims killed or injured by drunk drivers (CADD). If a person killed or injured because of drinking alcohol over legal limit, his relatives will in grief for a long time. As a consequence, the pric e in the third level is the sorrows of relatives. A word play the designer make can be noticed after analyzed the three levels the headline contains.The viewers will understand the meaning of headline by digging into the word price. After the advertisement having guided viewers to consider the the consequences of drunk driving, the designer raise his idea timely in the following text. Dont drink and drive is an imperative sentence which expresses the attitude of persuasion. If visual images linked together with linguistics messages, the advertisement will be understood better. The headline and the broken bottle are complementary in achieving the stopping point of the advertisement. The verbal texts appears in the top, and the image forms an illustration of it.A question is introduced by the headline, and the broken car extended viewers understanding of this question. The viewers are led to the direction of the relationship between the wine and the car. In this way, the visual image extends the understanding of the verbal information. In addition, the second clause also can related with the logotype in the advertisement. The logo was comprised of four capital letters CADD which is the abbreviation of the Campaign Against Drinking & Driving. The idea that contractable by the campaign is not drinking and driving, which expresses the same meaning with the text.Moreover, there are a wine glass in the first letter D, while a car key in the latter(prenominal) letter D, and red slashes cut the letters. As a result of special form of letters, the topic of the advertisement is pointed out do not drink and drive. Additionally, the red slashes echo the color used in the text and the headline, which connects the elements in this advertisement closely. In conclusion, this essay analyzed the visual images, linguistic messages and the connection between them in systematic functional approaches. The purpose of this advertisement is persuading people not to drink and drive.T he designer guided people to think about the consequences of drunk driving in visual and verbal messages, then the designers purpose is achieved by a persuasive way. However, because the publisher of this advertisement is a campaign that mainly helps the drunk drivers relatives, more attention will be attracted, if some information about those people added. Word recite1022 Reference Machin, D. (2007) Introduction to Multimodal Analysis, Hodder Education CADD Retrieved from http//cadd. org. uk/aims. htm This advertisement is retrieved from http//gongyi. hexun. com/2011-08-12/132383278. html

Coupon Accounting Abuse Essay

The incentive, opportunity, and rationalization to commit wile have plagued business organizations for many years. in that respect are numerous ways that managers and employees can commit fraud. This makes it a necessity for businesses to have quality upcountry controls that help prevent fraudulent activity. However, even with the best set of controls businesses are still susceptible of fraud. This news report will concentrate on the case study concerning coupon bill abuse and will closure questions pertaining to go with controls, ways to prevent coupon abuse, parties who may be harmed, and the type of fraud presented in the case. coupon Accounting Abuse irresolution 1 Discuss whether the situation described can happen to a company with a good control environment. It is imperative for a company to have good accounting inborn controls. A company that has a good control environment will help warn fraud, but these controls can only provide a company with reasonable assurance. In this situation the grunge manager is committing the fraud. This would make it very hard even for a company with good controls to detect fraud. In what is known as management everywhereride, managers can simply circumvent a companys internal controls.Question 2 Describe any steps a company could take to prevent such(prenominal) abuse. There are many steps that a company can take to prevent fraud abuse. A company should implement a strong code of ethics policy. Every manager and employee should be trained and very aware of the policy. This will help in maintaining the integrity of the workforce. There should be a strong screening process that includes background checks to help ensure the company is hiring honest employees. There should in like manner be a segregation of duties.In this case the blade manager has complete control over estimating the coupon liability. This estimate should be approved by another manager at the company. The company should propound independent and i nternal auditors of the significance that coupons can have on the companys financial statements. A guess management group should be established whose task is to facilitate and co-ordinate the overall essay management process. Depending on the size and nature of the organization, the risk management group may be in the form of a committee who meet from time to time (CIMA, 2009).Question 3 List those parties who force be harmed by this situation. Fraud is often mistakenly considered a victimless crime. However, fraud can have extensive social and psychological effects on individuals, businesses and society (CIMA, 2009). In this situation the brand manager is harming denary parties. When the manager replaces the 4% estimated redemption rate with 2% he is increasing revenue making the company look more profitable than it really was.This is misleading to managers and shareholders who are reading the financial statements. It could be baneful to the business if managers think a brand is doing better than it really is. The shareholder will also be impacted in the coming year because of the added liability expenses. The brand manager is putting himself at risk to be harmed because if he is caught his job will be terminated and he will be prosecuted. Question 4 Do you consider this example to be management fraud or employee fraud?I consider this to be management fraud. Management fraud often involves senior or high level managements intentional misrepresentation of financial statements, theft or improper use of abide by resources. Employee fraud involves a non-senior employee theft or improper use of company resources (Gottlieb, 2011). The fraud that was committed was by the brand manager who developed a myopic view and knew that he would be managing another brand in the next year. This situation is becoming increasingly common in the workplace.In order to trash fraud and white collar crime in businesses, a concerted effort must be exerted by the management of t he business, the external auditors, and by all employees of the business. Everyone must realize that fraud is not a victimless crime. The cost of fraud and theft are shared by all through higher cost and lower corporate profits. Through adequate internal controls by management, better working environments for employees, more plastered requirements for external auditors, and codes of ethics for employees, everyone can start to combat frauds and defalcations within corporate America (Farrell, Franco, 1999).