Cyber Crime Essay

Chapter I Introduction When did this new and insidious variety of crime actually come into being? One may say that the concept of the computer came with the invention of the first abacus, hence it can be said that â€Å"cybercrime†. It has been around ever since people used calculating machines for wrong purposes. However, cybercrime has shown itself as a serious threat to society for less than a decade. Before we plunge into the world of cybercrime, it is necessary to have some basic understanding of how the cyber world evolved. In 1981 Ian Murphy, aka â€Å"Captain Zap†, became first felon convicted of a computer crime. Murphy broke into AT&T’s computers and changed the billing clock so that people receive discounted rates during normal business hours, Ian Murphy was greeted with 1,000 hours of community service and 21/2 years probation. Cybercrime refers to any crime that involves a  computer  and a  network, where the computers may or may not have played an instrumental part in the commission of a  crime. Net crime  refers, more precisely, to criminal exploitation of the  Internet. Issues surrounding this type of crime have become high-profile, particularly those surrounding  hacking,  copyright infringement, child pornography, and  child grooming. There are also problems of  privacy  when  confidential  information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise. On the global level, both governments and non-state actors continue to grow in importance, with the ability to engage in such activities as  espionage,  financial theft, and other cross-border crimes sometimes referred to as  cyber warfare. The international legal system is attempting to hold actors accountable for their actions, with the  International Criminal Court  among the few addressing this threat. Cyber crime is a growing threat to our societies today. EU member states suffer daily thousands of attacks against their information systems. Viruses facilitating stealing information from personal computers, spam, identity theft, and child pornography are increasingly widespread. According to recent reports, images of sexually abused children available on-line quadrupled in the last five years and half of all internet crime involves the production, distribution and sale of child pornography. The European Commission has cooperated closely with the French Presidency and the Member States in the elaboration of a series of practical measures to fight cyber crime. The new strategy recommends reinforcing partnership between the police and the private sector by better knowledge-sharing on investigation methods and trends in cyber crime. It also encourages both parties to respond quickly to information requests, resort to remote searches, cyber patrols for online tracking of criminals and joint investigations across borders. The strategy also calls for the setting up of an alert platform in the short term, where reports on crime committed on the Internet, such as posting of illegal content, in EU member states would be pooled for cross-checking by Europol. The Commission earmarked 300,000 euro for Europol to implement the platform. Vice-President Jacques Barrot highlighted the importance of this strategy by saying â€Å"The strategy encourages the much needed operational cooperation and Information exchange between the Member States. It gives a shared responsibility to the Commission, the Member States and other stakeholders to introduce the different measures. If the strategy is to make the fight against cyber crime more efficient, all stakeholders have to be fully committed to its implementation. We are ready to support them, also financially, in their efforts. † Cybercrimes committed against persons include various crimes like transmission of child-pornography, harassment of any one with the use of a computer such as e-mail. The trafficking, distribution, posting, and dissemination of obscene material including pornography and indecent exposure, constitutes one of the most important Cybercrimes known today. The potential harm of such a crime to humanity can hardly be amplified. This is one Cybercrime which threatens to undermine the growth of he younger generation as also leave irreparable scars and injury on the younger generation, if not controlled. A minor girl in Ahmadabad was lured to a private place through cyber chat by a man, who, along with his friends, attempted to gang rape her. As some passersby heard her cry, she was rescued. Another example wherein the damage was not done to a person but to the masses is the case of the Melissa virus. The Melissa virus fi rst appeared on the internet in March of 1999. It spread rapidly throughout computer systems in the United States and Europe. It is estimated that the virus caused 80 million dollars in damages to computers worldwide. In the United States alone, the virus made its way through 1. 2 million computers in one-fifth of the country’s largest businesses. David Smith pleaded guilty on Dec. 9, 1999 to state and federal charges associated with his creation of the Melissa virus. There are numerous examples of such computer viruses few of them being â€Å"Melissa† and â€Å"love bug†. Cyber harassment is a distinct Cybercrime. Various kinds of harassment can and do occur in cyberspace, or through the use of cyberspace. Harassment can be sexual, racial, religious, or other. Persons perpetuating such harassment are also guilty of cybercrimes. Cyber harassment as a crime also brings us to another related area of violation of privacy of citizens. Violation of privacy of online citizens is a Cybercrime of a grave nature. No one likes any other person invading the invaluable and extremely touchy area of his or her own privacy which the medium of internet grants to the citizen. The second category of Cyber-crimes is that of Cybercrimes against all forms of property. These crimes include computer vandalism (destruction of others’ property), transmission of harmful programmers. A Mumbai-based upstart engineering company lost a say and much money in the business when the rival company, an industry major, stole the technical database from their computers with the help of a corporate cyber spy. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. History of Cyber Crime [ 3 ]. Definition of Cyber Crime http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Computer_crime [ 4 ]. Fight against Cyber Crime Vice-President Jacques Barrot [ 5 ]. Cyber crime against our society today

Case 302 July in Multiplex

Case 302From this case, there are two types of errors, which the consortium can make. A Type I Error is referred to as a â€Å"false positive. † A Type I error would be made when the null hypothesis is rejected when it should be accepted. This error may occur if the consortium defends any lawsuit against them if they are using 6% (6/100) as their surveying result. The results of the sample size of 100 people indicate that the percentage range is from 1. 35% to 10. 65%. The test results can be higher than 10%, but actually it is lower. Therefore, if the consortium defends any lawsuit against them it is possible that a Type I Error can be made. The second type of error is a Type II Error, which is also known as â€Å"false negative. † A Type II error would be made when the alternative hypothesis is rejected when it should be accepted. For this to occur, the consortium must make a decision to settle the case when the survey result shows a lower percentage than 10% but in reality it is actually higher than 10%. The only error the consortium should make is a Type II error because the alternative hypothesis was rejected. As previously stated, using a sample size of 100 shows that we would not reject the null hypothesis, in other words, this would mean to settle with Tommy. If we did not create a second hypothesis test using a sample size of 300, we would not have defended against Tommy in court and a Type II error would have been made. Size of simple| Defend lawsuit| Settlement| 100| Type II Error| Right decision| 300| Right decision| Type I Error| Table 1 We have proven that 94% of the surveyed moviegoers indicated that they are satisfied that theater play commercials before movie. Only 6% of the moviegoers opposed to watch commercials before movie. This statistical analysis validates that the consortium should seek to defend any lawsuit Tommy or any other unhappy moviegoer files. In this situation, a Type II error would have been made if we decided to base our analysis only on a sample size of 100. A larger sample size always depicts a more accurate display. Statistical Analysis H0 = 10% H1 < 10% 1st Same Size N: 100 (sample size) p? : 6/100 = . 06 Confidence Interval .06 1. 96 = . 0135 — . 1065Test StatisticZ= = -1. 33, from Standard Normal Distribution table => P-value = . 0918 P-value > (alpha) .0918 > . 05 Since P-value (. 0918) is greater than alpha (. 05), we fail to reject the null hypothesis. 2nd Sample Size N: 300 p? : 18/300 = . 06 Confidence Interval .06 1. 96 = . 0331 — . 0869 Test Statistic Z= = -2. 31 from Standard Normal Distribution table => P-value = . 0104 P-value < alpha .0104 < . 05 Since P-value (. 0107) is less than alpha (. 05), we reject the null hypothesis

Forensic Pathology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forensic Pathology - Coursework Example The present scenario has a submerged body; the pathologist takes the samples from different organs without marking. This is because if the samples are supposed to go for DNA sequencing or finger printing then the DNA from every cell or tissue of the same body is exactly the same. So to find anomalous behavior more than one sample is withdrawn. These tissues are sliced into blocks and mounted on slides for microscopic analysis and are further subjected to various tests. The Y-incision is performed to gain access to vital body organs and see if any physical assault has been made or whether the deceased was suffering from a disease. These organs are weighed either collectively or separately depending on the severity of scenario. Usually the weight is reduced in case of traumatized organs. (Prahlow, Byard. 2011) Tissue sampling from the stomach can be useful to indicate if any poison was given to the victim. This can help indicate the time of death as well. Usually samples from other organs such as gall bladder, liver, urine, eye fluid etcetera are also obtained to make sure of poisoning and digestion levels. In case of murder or assault the body is not normally returned to the family until the many staged investigation is carried out. Moreover if the head injury is not visible to the eye then samples from the brain are also obtained. Are such samples only taken in cases of submerged bodies, and if not, asks that you give him at least four other examples of when such samples might be taken and what might be discovered in subsequent examinations of such tissues? Such samples are taken in every-day postmortem cases of natural death as well. But the procedure is a bit more detailed and lengthy for victims of unnatural death. Not only in submerged cases but also in many other scenarios. Four of which are stated as follows: Someone dies of suspicious death without any witnesses and unexpectedly, requires autopsy legally. To find out if the victim was traumatized or drug abused. Common cases are homicide, manslaughter or murder.

Education topic in U.S. Supreme Court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education topic in U.S. Supreme Court - Essay Example It was widely covered and debated because of its ridiculous name. In 2002, a student in Alaska held up the sign in question. It was quickly torn down by the school principal and the student was then punished by several days of suspension. The issue was a 1st amendment issue. Could an educator suppress students free speech? This was one of the first decisions of the Roberts Court and was closely watched as such. The judicial history of the case is as follows: The Alaskan rejected the case, but the Ninth Circuit found that the student’s first amendment rights had been violated. The phrase Bong Hits 4 Jesus was interpreted as a political expression. The Ninth Circuit distinguished political speech from a simply offensive remark, writing: â€Å"Also, it is not so easy to distinguish speech about marijuana from political speech in the context of a state where referenda regarding marijuana legalization repeatedly occur and a controversial state court decision on the topic had recently issued. The phrase ‘Bong Hits 4 Jesus’ may be funny, stupid, or insulting, depending on ones point of view, but it is not ‘plainly offensive’ in the way sexual innuendo is.† Frederick v. Morse, 439 F.3d 1114, 1119 (9th Cir. Alaska 2006). The case was then appealed to the Supreme Court. Chief Justice Roberts wrote the majority opinion which found in favor of the school and against the student. The Court gave a very narrow ruling which declared that schools could reasonable restrict students freedom of speech if that speech was being used to encourage or endorse illegal drug use. Roberts wrote that the principal reasonable assumed the banner encouraged drug use and was therefore justified in removing it. While some interveners argued that the banner was a kind of political expression, Roberts wrote that the student’s lawyers didn’t make this argument. It could also have been argued that the

Consumer behaviour within financial services Essay

Consumer behaviour within financial services - Essay Example The paper is based primarily on the views of the literature regarding the consumer behaviour on several industrial sectors and specifically the financial services industry. The development of consumer behaviour in modern financial markets can be influenced by a series of parameters including the structure of the particular market, the needs of consumers and the local cultural and social trends. UK can be considered as an indicative example of the interaction between consumer behaviour and the strategies followed by firms in the financial services industry. More specifically, the study of Nairn revealed that ‘the Sandler report of 2002 found a  £27bn shortfall in the UK nation's savings; the report highlights the industry changes necessary for citizens to increase investment for their future and thus reduce this deficit’. The above report is mentioned by Nairn because of its importance for the development of a specific mode of consumer behaviour in the financial service s industry. Moreover, the examination of all issues related with commercial activity in financial services industry showed that ‘the marketing departments in financial services organisations can go beyond this and harness 'risk tolerance' as a segmentation variable to alter behaviour on a more targeted, micro level; it is suggested that this practice could have an even more profound effect than that envisaged by Sandler’.

Legal Elements of a Business Contract Coursework

Legal Elements of a Business Contract - Coursework Example Consideration is the third element in contracts and is denoted as a valuable item or cash, which is presented so as to make the contract more binding. For example, a seller may require a buyer to present the payments for goods if they are to be delivered. The payment is considered as a consideration in this case. However, the buyer does not need to buy the full amount. The consideration is only given if there is a promise made (Boundy 2010, p. 64). In addition, the law requires that both parties should have an intention of getting into a contract. They must exhibit the awareness that their agreement is to be bound by law. The contract must be made by people out of their free consent without any form of coercion, fraud, mistake, misrepresentation or undue influence. The individuals must be in their right capacity to make contracts. This refers to the soundness of mind, being of the right age as well as individuals not disqualified by law to make any contract. There must be a lawful object of the contract as well as the certainty of the contract. The law also considers the possibility of performance surrounding the lawful object which is the subject of the contract. If it is something that cannot happen, then the law cannot enforce such contracts. Some contracts require legal formalities in form of writing (Boundy 2010, p. 67). Bilateral contracts are made by two parties after the agreement of terms and conditions while unilateral contracts only involve one party who presents the terms as well as the offer. Unilateral contracts are commonly applied by individuals looking for lost items who offer rewards to individuals who find them. In unilateral contracts, only one person is bound by the law (Boundy 2010, p. 94).

Proposal- a training programme for Wing Yip Dissertation

Proposal- a training programme for Wing Yip - Dissertation Example In terms of the classical Chinese concepts of family and business, Wing Yip strives to build long term relationships with its suppliers, its staff, its customers and tenants. Further long term goals are to ensure that the company’s passion – the supply of excellent food products – strengthens the awareness of Chinese food culture in Britain, to mirror the important role of food in Chinese history and society (Wing Yip*, 2011). At all four branches of Wing Yip, vacancies have been advertised for cashiers, shop floor assistants and store manager’s assistants (Wing Yip**, 2011). Toward the achievement of the long-term goals of Wing Yip, it is essential that the training provided for the existing staff – as they move into positions of leadership within the stores – and the newly employed staff – as they begin their association with the culture and traditions of Wing Yip – be trained and developed as individuals proud to be associate d with the company and its values. Service delivery must be refined and enhanced through training in best practice, already found in the organisation. Objectives To promote a common culture of service, innovation, pride in delivery and lifelong learning among Wing Yip employees To enable upward mobility toward leadership within the organization, in line with succession-planning strategies To promote the company culture of the classical Chinese approach to family and business, and the passion for food (Wing Yip*, 2011) among all employees To ensure appropriate skills and competencies according to job description among Wing Yip employees, hence promoting the empowerment of the individual Approach A dual approach will be maintained in the courses offered: Induction training for new employees, to familiarise new people with roles and responsibilities, the culture of the business, and with colleagues; development for existing employees to emphasise the employees’ potential to lear n new skills and develop more capabilities (The Times 100 website: Training and Development Theory, 2011). Adults learn best through goal-oriented instruction (Craig, 1987) and thus trainers will employ structures and methodologies with this in mind. The possibilities for advancement in the company and personal development will be emphasised throughout. Also the first and compulsory-for-all-course – Course A – will disseminate the company culture and promote the taking of personal responsibility as well as initiative and innovation, hence persuading the delegates that the company’s values are sound. The company’s objectives in presenting the training must be concisely and regularly reinforced throughout the training. Assumptions In order to improve the output and success of a business it has been claimed that an organization in which everyone shares the same vision and where they trust and value each other’s contribution develops a â€Å"high perf ormance culture† (The Times 100 website: Siemens Case Study, 2011). Further, allowing people to take responsibility and trusting in their abilities motivates them, and allied with a shared vision and goals, individuals feel that they are contributing in a worthwhile way to the business. They also then feel more empowered in their

Intellectual Property & Technology Transfer Case Study

Intellectual Property & Technology Transfer - Case Study Example This was in respect to 'chemical products for sanitary and medical use, medicines, pharmaceutical drugs and preparations' 'cosmetics perfumes, soaps and shampoos were applied in respect of Class 3. This application got on air in the Trade Marks Journal right next year that is January 2007. The well reputed company that opposed the application was Lloyd's Preparations Ltd. ('Lloyd's). The point behind the opposition was that it already had a registered trade mark for 'ECZIDERM', registered in Class 5 and not only this but it was also registered for 'all use in the treatment of eczema pharmaceutical preparations and substances'. This registration had the number 1075423 and the filing date was12 June 1989 that is far older than the new application and they had made a name in the sales. In 2003 Lloyd's had also registered a corresponding trade mark in France for 'ECZIDERM'. The first and most important point that arises is that a well reputed company which has been using a brand for years has the right to go against any other company who is trying to use their name. It was directly effecting the reputation of the brand and the company. Apart from law it is a thing of common sense that no company would ever at any cost bear the name of their company being used by others in any way. The opposition was made on provision of the Trade Marks Act 1994. ... It was launched long a go. Many products that had the mark ECZIDERM were regularly being exhibited at British Association of Dermatologists annual meetings. Not only this but also they were advertised in medical publications including, 'Chemist and Druggist' 'British Journal of Dermatology' and 'General Practitioner'. These were the most popular and widely read journals. If the trade mark would have been re-registered it would go against the section 3(1)(a) law. Lloyd's had been spending approximately 250,000 on publicity and sponsorship of products over the last three years. This was not only spent on products that had the trade mark ECZIDERM but also on the use of sales representatives. Lloyd's ECZIDERM products have been upheld straight away to doctors with the help of sales representatives and also by mailing directly. So the brand or the trade mark was not to be used again in the same contexts. The second objection raised by opponents was that of section 3(6) - 'the application was made in bad faith'. The main reason for the rhyming trade marks was to get rapid fame of the product by using the name of other company. The evidence is that the sales of Lloyd's were made in all chief rural and urban cities all around UK. Lloyd's had already used registration of ECZIDERM as a trade mark in the UK. So this name had already earned considerable support and reputation, if the other rhyming product was launched, it would have got false fame by betrayal of people. It had earned so much fame that the mark ECZIDERM had also been entitled to protection under the Paris Convention for the quality of being well known. Hffner GmbH had probably applied for the trade mark EXIMED intentionally to take advantage of the well known repute of the previous mark

Opposition to Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Opposition to Immigration - Essay Example In a strict economic sense 2006 has been a good year till now. As a matter of fact, even from 2004, the economy has been looking up. Economic growth which was 4.2 % in 2004, was 3.5% in 2005; which is still good. Unemployment at 4.7% is quite an achievement compared to the 8.4% figure for Europe. However it looks as if it will take more than that to whistle a happy tune. ("The United States ...") The steadily increasing trade deficit, Katrina, the involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq, our standoff with Iran, and the regular outflow of jobs through outsourcing are enough to dampen the spirit of the average American. Add 12 million illegal immigrants. And a pall of gloom descends over middle class America. Fact is many Americans are seriously concerned about the immigration issue. It has become a subject that has dominated a variety of forums and has spawned several localized movements. One such local unit that called itself "Minutemen" patrolled Arizona's border with Mexico during April 2005. This anti-immigration sentiment is sometimes referred to as "nativism". ("Immigration Policy Issues") "Nativism" is not new to America. It first reared its head at the beginning of the 19th century when hordes of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe began to pour in. The consequence of that nativist stirring was "a 1924 law establishing a quota system that sought to limit entry" into the United States. (Campo-Flores) The more recent immigration issues however relate primarily to illegal immigrants, and the conviction in some quarters, that the huge inflow of these "undocumented" workers is the cause for the country's woes. In the 1980s the American people were highly unsatisfied with the Federal policies of the 1970s and early 1980s. In 1982 the country was in a deep recession. The percent of businesses that went bankrupt increased by 50% when compared to the previous year, agricultural exports fell, as did the price of crops. Interest rates rose, inflation was up from 6.2% in 1973 to around 13.5% and unemployment was at a significant high of 7%. (Teacher's Guide). Federal deficits soared throughout this period. This was probably the worst period in America's economic history since the Depression of 1929. During the period 1980 to 1990 Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) estimated the number of illegal immigrants to be around 2.6 million. The general sentiment then was that 3 these undocumented immigrants were the cause of all economic woes. As a consequence we had the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986. The primary aim of this Act was to protect the jobs of the domestic workforce. It also sought to punish employers of undocumented workers. (The Feminization of Immigration) The immigration issue is currently seen as a bigger problem than it was ever before. It's not surprising. For instance, Gordon County, Georgia had an immigrant population of just 1% in 1990. Today that figure stands at 12%. According to the Pew Hispanic Center, illegal immigrants currently make up 24% of agricultural labor, 14% of construction workers and 9% of manufacturing jobs. (Grow) The Bill that was passed by the House last December,

Sin Tax Bill (For the Government) Essay Example for Free

Sin Tax Bill (For the Government) Essay According to James Sadowsky, author of The Economics of Sin Taxes, taxes imposed on products seen as vices such as alcoholic liquors and tobaccos are called sin tax. Aside from the commodities being objects of disapproval, even their consumers accept such taxes because they seem to hit two birds in one stone. First, they raise revenues and second, they made vices expensive. House Bill 5727 or also known as the Sin Tax Bill aims to reform the imposed tax on the sin products (Official Gazette, 2002). We support this bill for three reasons. First, the government can collect more revenues. Second, it promotes health by dissuading the consumption of the vices. And lastly, the poor sector benefits from it. Sin tax is a form of an excise tax. It is a tax levied on some commodities but not all commodities unlike sales tax. This is how the government generates more revenues (Sadowsky). However, the opposition claims that this bill will backfire on its goals. Since the price of the price of the commodities will rise, the demand will decrease. Thus, there will be no revenues to generate which contrast one of the goals of the bill since industries such as tobacco will die. However, the products under sin tax are vices. Some people are already addicted to them. Even if the price of these products will rise, people will still buy though some price conscious such as the poor sector and students will cut their consumption (Fonbuena qtd. Monsod, 2012 ). Plus, even the demand for the sin products will decrease; the increased tax will make up for the loss demand. Thus, the industries will not die. The opposition also said that the rate of smuggling will worsen. However, according to economist and former Economic Planning Secretary Solita Monsod, there is no connection between the rise of the levied tax and smuggling. Countries such as Japan and Singapore who levied tax the highest on sin products even have the lowest rate of smuggling. Moreover, aside from being a revenue bill, Philippine College of Physicians, New Vois Association of the Philippines (NVAP), and other health advocates claim that the bill is importantly a health bill. According to Emerson Rojas, New Vois President, should the sin tax bill be passed, more adult smokers would be encouraged to quit smoking, and also discourage the start of young smokers. Many people can be prevented from having diseases gained from these vices. Moreover, a big portion of the revenue will go to public health while the smaller will go to affected tobacco workers (Reyes qtd. Drilon, 2012). According to Health Undersecretary Ted Herbosa, money collected from the industry will be used to enroll millions of poor families into socialized healthcare and for the improvement of the whole healthcare service delivery. Thus aside from improving public health, the poor sector will benefit more from the bill. However, the opposition claimed that there is inequality in the bill. The poor are the ones to burden the raised tax. But then according to Solita Monsod, the poor are the ones who are supposed to lessen their expense on these vices since they are the ones who can barely afford to pay medical needs if they acquire diseases from these vices. Sources Belo, Walden. The Sin tax Promoting the Nation’s Health. Inquirer. May 12, 2012. Web. Fonbuena, Carmela. 5 False Economic Claims on Sin Tax According to Solita Monsod. Rappler. October 18, 2012. Web. Investopedia. Sin Tax. Web. Official Gazette. Sin Taxes. September 19, 2012. Web. Reyes, Karl John. Sin Tax Passage to Affect Ph Trade, Finance and Social Services – Drilon. Interaksyon. September 28, 2012. Web. Tan, Kimberly. Liqour, Tobacco Companies reminded of Sin Products Social Impact. Gma News. August 23, 2012. Web The Wages of the sin Taxes. May 15, 2012. Web. Sin Tax Bill: Both Revenue And Health Measure. Manila Bulletin. October 2012. Web. INTRODUCTION: Sin Tax A state-sponsored tax that is added to products or services that are seen as vices, such as alcohol, tobacco and gambling. These type of taxes are levied by governments to discourage individuals from partaking in such activities without making the use of the products illegal. These taxes also provide a source of government revenue. Explanation: Sin taxes are typically added to liquor, cigarettes and other non-luxury items. State governments favor sin taxes because they generate an enormous amount of revenue and are usually easily accepted by the general public because they are indirect taxes that only affect those who use the products. When individual states run deficits, the sin tax is typically one of the first taxes recommended by lawmakers to help fill the budget gap. Source: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sin_tax.asp#ixzz2HTDslR4A Why are we supporting it? 1. To promote health by discouraging vice. 2. To collect more revenue for healthcare. Health: According to the Department of Health (DOH), the Philippines has an estimated 17.3 million tobacco consumers, the most number of smokers in Southeast Asia. Filipinos on average consume 1, 073 cigarette sticks annually, while the smokers in the region consume less than a thousand sticks yearly. This high consumption rate is seen as a result, among others, of the very low cigarette prices in our country. Smoking is responsible for 71 percent of lung cancer deaths in the world. Consequently, lung cancer is the leading form of cancer in the Philippines. DOH statistics reveal that 10 Filipinos die every hour because of smoking. According to the DOH, a 10 percent increase in tobacco taxes will reduce the number of smokers by two million by 2016. A significant decline in the number of smokers will likewise reduce the number of smoking-related deaths. Meanwhile, drinking alcohol, though effects are relatively less severe health-wise than smoking, has posed a number of costs on the individual and society. Revenue: The sin tax proposes the following reforms: * Maintain the specific form of excise taxation (e.g., per piece, per pack, per proof liter) to discourage consumption, have more revenues that are predictable and easier to administer, and devoid of incentives for manufacturers and importers with under-invoice products; * A shift from a multi-tiered tax structure to a single tax structure: (1) For cigarettes, a two-rate structure of P14 and P30 per pack for the 1st two years, and a uniform rate of P30 per pack of cigarettes on the third year. (2) For fermented liquor, immediate implementation of unified rate of P25/liter. (3) For distilled spirits, a two-year transition period to a unified rate of P150 per proof liter on the third year. * Adopt an automatic annual adjustment of tax rates using relevant NSO-established tobacco and alcohol indexes after the third year. * A shift from a raw-material criterion to an alcohol-content criterion in taxing distilled spirits. * Revenues from sin taxes are to augment the funds of the Aquino ad ministration’s universal health care program. * The continued sharing with tobacco farmers of the incremental revenues. STATEMENTS FROM HIGH-RANKING OFFICIALS ABOUT SIN TAX BILL: Sin Tax Bill: Both Revenue And Health Measure Manila Bulletin – Wed, Oct 3, 2012 The Philippine College of Physicians, New Vois Association of the Philippines (NVAP), and other health advocates on Tuesday urged legislators to view Senate Bill 3249, otherwise known as the Sin Tax Bill, not only as a revenue bill, but more importantly as a health bill. , Its time to take action and pass the true sin tax bill, and not a token sin tax bill in favor of our tobacco manufacturers said former Health Secretary Esperanza Cabral. She is asking lawmakers to pass the bill in order to lower tobacco consumption in the country. New Vois President Emerson Rojas shared the harmful effects of tobacco. Rojas was a heavy smoker who eventually suffered from Stage 4 laryngal cancer. He is now unable to talk, save for a device he is now using which is an electrolarynx. The Philippines has the cheapest prices of cigarettes in the Western Pacific Region, he lamented. Should the sin tax bill be passed, more adult smokers would be encouraged to quit smoking, and also discourage the start of young smokers. Let us be on guard against the watering down of SB3249, urged Rojas. On the other hand, Department of Health Consultant on Non-Communicative Diseases Dr. Tony Leachon and Framework Convention on Tobacco Control of the Philippines representative Dr. Maricar Limpin are pushing for the passage of the sin tax bill so that the government would have more money to build better hospitals and provide premium health care for the poor. With the sin tax, there would be better revenue for health, noted Leachon. DOH: Sin Tax is Pro-Poor This thought is backed up by the DOH, which believes that the sin tax is not only anti-cancer, but pro-poor as well. As the tobacco industry targets the poor in marketing their products, it will also be the poor who will benefit from the sin tax as money collected from the industry will be used to enroll millions of poor families into socialized healthcare and for the improvement of the whole healthcare service delivery, said Health Undersecretary Ted Herbosa. According to the 2012 survey of the Philippine Institute for Development Studies, the prevalence of smoking in the country is higher among the poorest of the poor with 40 percent belonging to the lowest quintile while 36 percent come from the second lowest quintile. The figures are the opposite among the rich, where 25 percent of smokers are considered affluent. This means that of the 17.3 million adult smokers in the country, 76 percent of them are poor. This also reinforces previous studies that the poor spend more on cigarettes than on education and health, said Herbosa. Citing results of the 2009 Family Income and Expenditure Survey, the health undersecretary said the countrys poorest spend as much as 67 percent of their income on food and that two-thirds of them do not see a doctor or do not seek a health facility when they get sick. Herbosa said as the poor are likely to be less informed of the harmful effects of smoking, they serve as a major market for the tobacco industry. They also suffer most from all diseases and economic burden attributed to smoking. According to Prof. Tony Dans of the University of the Philippines College of Medicine, half of the annual 300,000 deaths from non-communicable diseases in the country are attributed to smoking. A total of P188 billion is also being lost every year from the top four killers of Filipinos (lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart attack, and stroke) which are all smoking-related. We have to turn the tide and make the tobacco industry pay for the health and economic burdens that smoking brings. By taxing tobacco we will be able to enroll a total of 10.9 million poor families into the Philippine Health Insurance Corp. (PhilHealth) and increase catastrophic benefits from 10 percent to 30 percent of the total cost, said Herbosa. The DOH also plans to use revenues from the sin tax to hire an additional 10,000 doctors, 50,000 nurses and midwives, and 100,000 community health teams to fill in gaps in health personnel. In addition, a total of 2,243 rural health units, 403 district hospitals, and 37 DOH-retained hospitals will also be enhanced as a result of sin tax revenues while about 700,000 rotavirus and pneumococcal vaccines will be purchased for poor infants. By taxing the tobacco industry we will not only improve our countrys healthcare service delivery but we will also prevent diseases and premature deaths because of smoking, Herbosa explained. The DOH estimates that around 170,000 deaths would be prevented during the first year of implementation of the sin tax. Meanwhile, around two million smokers are expected to quit from consuming tobacco by 2016 as a result of a higher tobacco levy. We will be able to save the lives of the poor and prevent our children from taking up smoking when we increase the tax for tobacco products. At the same time we will be able to improve our healthcare service delivery to cater to the poorest of our population, Herbosa said. †¦. http://ph.news.yahoo.com/sin-tax-bill-both-revenue-health-measure-213324211.html POSSIBLE ARGUMENTS FROM THE OPPOSING SIDE: FALSE CLAIMS’ Here are the top 5 false claims that the industry is supposedly spreading: †¨1. Tax increase will intensify smuggling Presenting statistics in various Asian countries, Monsod showed that there’s no relation between increase in excise tax on cigarettes and illicit trade. Countries where cigarettes are most expensive — Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, and Australia — have the lowest incidence of illicit smuggling. â€Å"There’s no relationship,† said Monsod. †¨2. Sin tax is inequitable Critics of the Sin Tax measure argue that it’s the poor that will bear the most proportion of the tax. Implenting a unitary sin tax, based on the original version of the legislative proposal, means the same tax will be imposed cheap and high-end cigarette brands. In the Philippines, the biggest proportion of smokers also come from the poor. Monsod said it’s not an issue. â€Å"We are not taxing a good. We are taxing a bad. The proportion of smokers is higher among the poor. Who buys the most? The poor. And they are the ones suffering [health-wise]. Do not use problem of inequity because precisely we want to stop the poor from smoking. They’re spending so much buying cigarettes. They cannot afford the cost of medication,† said Monsod. †¨3. Farmers, retailers to lose livelihood Monsod questioned the statistics of the Philippine Tobacco Institute (PTI) a total of 840,146 people are employed in tobacco farming. With 32,325 hectares of farmland, that would mean there are 26 tobacco farmers and helpers per hectare. â€Å"Does that sound right to you? And yet, this was accepted without demur by our legislators. Nonsense. There are 52,000 farmers based on National Tobacco Administration data,† said Monsod. If the annual income per hectare is P80,000, it means that the annual income of a tobacco farmer is P3,269, Monsod data. â€Å"I am only using their data to show that their numbers are ridiculous†¦ How can anybody survive with P3,000 a year,† Monsod added. Another argument against the Sin Tax measure claims retailers will suffer from loss of sales from cigarettes. Monsod said retailers will likely keep their profits from cigarette sales because the demand for the product is elastic. And even if they lose sales from cigarettes, Monsod said it shouldn’t be a problem. â€Å"If people stop buying cigarettes, you think they’re not going to buy anything else? Cigarettes loss will be milk’s gain or rice’s gain,† she said. †¨4. Tobacco industry will die and gov’t will lose money All studies show the contrary, Monsod said. Price increase, she said, will not decrease sales because demand for cigarettes is elastic. Price increase will not deter smokers, said Monsod, because smokers are already â€Å"addicted.† They will continue to buy cigarettes, she said. â€Å"If you have diabetes and insulin increased by 300%, you are still going to buy insulin,† she explained. †¨5. Negative net economic benefits Based on Monsod’s presentation, the annual gross revenue from cigarette sales is P103 billion but its cost to health is P188 billion. Monsod said that is a net cost of P85 billion. ‘Even if the revenues were there, you will still say ‘Remove Tobacco,’ she added. It’s important that Congress passes a unitary sin tax, Monsod added. â€Å"A unitary tax is absolutely imperative. If it is not unitary, what you are essentially doing is, you are throwing the poor to the dogs. Let them die. You are allowing them to kill themselves cheaper,† Monsod said. Most, if not all, countries like the U.S. and Great Britain have adopted a unitary tax, she added. The House of Representatives in June passed on third and final reading a two-tier excise tax structure for tobacco products and 3-tier for alcohol. The diluted measure reduces projected revenues from P60 billion a year to P30 billion a year.

Overview of Bones in the Human Body

Overview of Bones in the Human Body The skull is the top of the skeleton and consists of the cranium and mandible. The cranial part of the skull is composed of separate bones united at immobile joints called sutures. These sutures are held by sutural ligaments. The skull is made of compact bone, covered with periosteum, and a layer of diploe. The mandible is connected to the cranium by a synovial joint called the temporomandibular joint. The cranium houses the brain and supports the face. The number of bones in the skull totals 22. The skull bones can be divided into two groups. The bones of the cranium and facial. The five bones of the cranium consist of one frontal, two parietal, one occipital, two temporal, one sphenoid, and one ethmoid bone. The facial bones consist of two zygomatic bones, two maxillae, two nasal bones, two lacrimal bones, one vomer, two palatine bones, two Inferior conchae, and one mandible. In the thoracic cage we have the lateral ribs, costal cartilages, dorsal thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and the xiphoid. The thoracic cavity protects the heart and lungs. This cage also supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs and attached you will find the neck, chest, and Skeletons and Bones   PG 2. muscles. The sternum or breastbone has three fused bones. We have 12 ribs total. The ribs are either floating ribs or true ribs. The true ribs 1-7 are attached to the sternum. Ribs 8-10 are considered false ribs. The ribs 11-12 are considered floating ribs and do not attach to the sternum. The scapula is a flat, triangular bone which articulates laterally with the clavicle and with the humerous. We have two identical pairs. The clavicles are a pair of long bones that connect the scapula to the sternum. The clavicles are cylindrical bones around 6 inches long. They are located in the thoracic region superior and anterior to the first rib. Each clavicle runs transversely and forms a joint with the sternum on its medial end and the scapula on its lateral end. (Bones: structure and mechanics, Pg. 47) The clavicles, along with the scapulae, form the pectoral girdle that attaches the bones of the arm to the trunk. The sternoclavicular joints are the only bony attachments between the pectoral girdles and the bones of the axial skeleton. Several muscles of the neck and shoulder also attach to the clavicle, including the pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and deltoid. The vertebra column consists of 33 vertebrae. The first 24 vertebra are articulating vertebrae, seven cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, and the lower nine are fused. Then following we have five fused in the sacrumand four in the coccyx. The spinal canal protects the spinal cord. The human vertebral column is the backbone or spine, consisting of thirty three in total. The vertebra are small bones forming the backbone and they have a hole through which the spinal cord passes. The ilium is the uppermost and largest part of the hip bone. This bone is wide, flat, and provides attachment points.   The curved ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone. This bone is below the ilium and behind the pubis. The superior portion of this Skeleton and Bones    PG 3. bone forms approximately one third of the acetabulum. The body rests on these bones while in sitting position. The pubic bone is the ventral and anterior of the three bones which make up half of the pelvis. The pubic bone is covered the mons pubis. There is a superior ramus and an inferior ramus noted.The pubis is the lowest and most anterior portion of the hip bones of the pelvis. The pubic symphysis, is where the two hip bones of the pelvis are fused together. The humerus is the upper arm long bone, it extends from shoulder to elbow. The proximal end has a smooth round head that articulates with scapula. The cylindrical shaped humerus has two rounded processes called the greater and lesser tubercles. The distal end of the humerus has two articulating surfaces, the trochlea which articulates with the ulna and the capitulum, which articulates with the radius at the elbow. The ulnais a long bone located on the opposite side of the forearm from the thumb. It attaches to the humerus on the larger end and joins with the carpal bones of the hand at its smaller end. It lies medially and parallel to theradius.The forearm has two large bones, the radius and the ulna, of which the radius is the larger bone. The radius is located on the lateral side of the forearm between the elbow and the wrist joints.   The pectoral girdle is the skeletal framework that provides attachment for the scapulas and clavicles.The Pelvic Girdle is composed of 2 hip bones and sacrum. The talus bone, astragalus, or ankle bone is one of the group of foot bones known as the tarsus. The tarsus forms the lower part of the ankle through its articulations with the lateral and medial malleoli of the two bones of the lower leg, the tibia and fibula. The tarsus transmits the entire weight of the body to the foot. The calcaneus or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes the Skeleton and Bones   PG 4. heel. The metatarsal bones, or metatarsus are five long bones in the foot, located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes. (Fundamentals of Anatomy Physiology) The metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side: the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal. A tarsal is considered one of the seven bones of the tarsus. The metacarpals are long bones within the hand that are connected to the carpals, or wrist bones, and to the phalanges, or finger bones. The tops of the metacarpals form the knuckles where they join to the wrist. On the palm side, they are covered with connective tissue. There are eight small carpel bones that sit between the distal ends of the radius and ulna. They have five metacarpals. The size of these metacarpals vary and have different shapes. The phalanges are digital long bones found in the hands and feet. There are generally three noted, distal, middle, and proximal for each digit. The only exception the thumbs and large toes. The fibula is a leg bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two lower leg bones and the slenderest of all the long bones. The tibia is the larger and stronger of the two lower leg bones and it connects the knee with the ankle bones. The tibia is found on the medial side of the leg next to the fibula. It is the second largest bone in the human body next to the femur. The patella is a circular-triangular bonewhich articulates with the femur and covers the anterior articular surface of the knee joint. The femur articulates with the acetabulumin the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and patella forming the knee joint. The femur is the strongest bone in the body. 1. Briefly identify and discuss the microscopic structures of compact bone Skeleton and Bones    PG 5. Compact bone contains rigid organs that form parts of the endoskeleton. Compact bone assist the body to move, supports it, and protects organs. Compact bone produces red and white blood cells and store minerals. The cortical bone is one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Cortical bone is often most prominent in the human femur and tibia. The outer layer is dense and forms the shaft of the long bones. Compact bone is made up of concentric layers of mineral deposits surrounding a central opening. The cylindrical shaped osteon is the main structure that makes the outer layer of bones hard. They typically run parallel.   The cortical bone is considered approximately 80% of mature bone.   Each unit is generally made up of the Haversian canal, Volkmanns canals, osteocytes, and canalulis. (Bones structure and mechanics, Pg. 212) Compact bone contains a central canal, called the Haversian canal, along with concentric layers of bone called interstitial lamellae. The Haversian canal is actually surrounded with rings of lamellae. Lamellae are made up of bone matrix, collagen fibers, and mineral crystals. Interstitial lamellae are contained in the spaces between osteons. Cancellous or spongy bone has less strength than compact bone and within the Haversian canal is composed of a layer of endosteum. This connective tissue is rich in nerve fibers and blood vessels. Blood cells within the canal carry nutrients and waste to and away from the outer layer of the bone. These systems of canals and lamellae are also called osteons. Spongy bone is hollow and appears like a sponge. They contain thin spicules are known as trabeculae. In between these cavities you will find red or yellow bone.  Volkmanns canals are small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and these canals provide energy and nourish osteons. Trabecular bone is another name for spongy Skeleton and Bones    PG 6. bone and can be found at the ends of long bones. (Haversian system, Pg. 12) Long bones is most of the appendicular skeleton. The ends of the long bones are epiphysis, its shaft is called the diaphysis. The surroundings or periphery of the epiphysis and diaphysis are made up of compact bone. In between long bones are epiphyseal plates and this is the region where bone growth occurs. The long bone is covered of the fibrous sheath called periosteum. The periosteum protects the bone and allows it to attach to other bones.

Justice in Euripides Medea :: Euripides Medea Essays

Justice in Euripides' Medea How do we define reason as just? When asked this question, it really makes you begin to wonder how to depict what one might think is just. In the story of Medea, reason is what drives many of the characters actions. For example, the reason that Jason leaves Medea for Creon's daughter is for his own benefit. Is that just? Medea then kills Creon and his daughter for revenge against Jason. Is that just?. Throughout the whole story, you are torn with emotions between the characters. At first, you feel sorry for Medea. Her husband, who she has saved from death, has left her for another woman. She has been "all/obediant" their entire marriage, transforming herself into the sort of wife required by society. You can't help but sympathize with her. As she is "Faced with her husband's cold pragmatism, Medea responds according to her nature." Euripides really stresses the "otherness" of Medea's nature: she is "of a different kind", described in terms of nature and animals: she is "a rock or wave of the sea'", "like a wild bull", "a tiger". Yes, she is a little dangerous, but she is driven by her hear; that vital force which distinguishes the body from the corpse and has been crushed by Jason's betrayal. Later in the story, our sympathy transfers from Medea to Jason. Her revenge turns immoral, leaving readers with a sense of uneasiness. It is not so much the fact that she kills Creon and his daughter, but the fact that she slays her children in cold-blood. The stories characters, Medea and Jason, can be seen as representations of two different responses to life. For hundreds of years, society has judged each others actions and reactions based on just cause. This story, to me, has a type of underlying theme that drags the reader into a moral debate, which forces you to really question your own belief system. Today, we see it everywhere. On reality tv, court tv, and even on the news. We are constantly required to judge peoples actions as just or unjust. Justice in Euripides' Medea :: Euripides Medea Essays Justice in Euripides' Medea How do we define reason as just? When asked this question, it really makes you begin to wonder how to depict what one might think is just. In the story of Medea, reason is what drives many of the characters actions. For example, the reason that Jason leaves Medea for Creon's daughter is for his own benefit. Is that just? Medea then kills Creon and his daughter for revenge against Jason. Is that just?. Throughout the whole story, you are torn with emotions between the characters. At first, you feel sorry for Medea. Her husband, who she has saved from death, has left her for another woman. She has been "all/obediant" their entire marriage, transforming herself into the sort of wife required by society. You can't help but sympathize with her. As she is "Faced with her husband's cold pragmatism, Medea responds according to her nature." Euripides really stresses the "otherness" of Medea's nature: she is "of a different kind", described in terms of nature and animals: she is "a rock or wave of the sea'", "like a wild bull", "a tiger". Yes, she is a little dangerous, but she is driven by her hear; that vital force which distinguishes the body from the corpse and has been crushed by Jason's betrayal. Later in the story, our sympathy transfers from Medea to Jason. Her revenge turns immoral, leaving readers with a sense of uneasiness. It is not so much the fact that she kills Creon and his daughter, but the fact that she slays her children in cold-blood. The stories characters, Medea and Jason, can be seen as representations of two different responses to life. For hundreds of years, society has judged each others actions and reactions based on just cause. This story, to me, has a type of underlying theme that drags the reader into a moral debate, which forces you to really question your own belief system. Today, we see it everywhere. On reality tv, court tv, and even on the news. We are constantly required to judge peoples actions as just or unjust.

Caught by a Computer :: Personal Narrative Cheating Papers

Caught by a Computer As I sat in his office, sweat dripped off my long brown bangs onto my light blue collared button-down shirt. It was not because I was nervous, it was because it was the end of April and unseasonably warm in Charlottesville, Virginia. I was there, in my professor’s office, in my mind, because he wanted to get caught up with me about my future plans after graduation. He was curious about my plans for the summer, plans for my fiancà © and I, and plans for my career as a high school teacher at the public school in my hometown, Mclean, Virginia. I was alone in his office, waiting for Dr. Bloomfield to show up to his office for our casual meeting scheduled for 3:30 that afternoon. The heat was becoming unbearable. The University of Virginia’s century old buildings on the quad were not air conditioned, and I was beginning to wish that I had paid the extra tuition to have them installed. I sat in his small dimly lit office, becoming impatient because it was nearing four oà ¢â‚¬â„¢clock. I began to notice the pictures that cluttered Dr. Bloomfield’s overrun office. Pictures of his wife, his twin daughters, who appeared to be roughly the same age as I, and his younger son, in his early teen years, sat atop stacks of periodicals and yet to be graded finals. I noticed my final research paper on the top of the stack. This seemed odd; however I guessed he only wanted to discuss it while we met, as foreclosure to the popular Intro. To Physics class for upperclassmen of his that I was enrolled in, as it was our final assignment. I was distracted once again by the array of pictures throughout his undeservedly small office. Among these were more pictures of his boat, his bay house on the Chesapeake Bay, and his chocolate lab Mocha, whom I was familiar with at this point due to several stories he shared in class. Dr. Bloomfield was a family man whom I had gained great respect for over the years. My aspirations for what I wanted my life to turn out like ve ry closely replicated his own life. Sitting alone in his office gave me time to think about what I wanted to become, who I wanted to marry, how many kids I wanted to have and so on.

Do You Choose to be Homosexual? Essay -- Biology Essays Research Paper

Do You Choose to be Homosexual? Is it possible for one to choose his or her sexual orientation? Is one's sexual orientation something that can be changed, or is it a fixed attraction? These are a few questions, among many others that have been raised by researchers and religious organizations, as well as everyday people. Particularly, over the last decade there have been various debates over whether sexual orientation is based on genetic factors or whether it is a choice. Most researchers find that homosexuality, like many others psychological conditions, is due to a combination of social, biological, or psychological factors (1). Psychiatrist Jeffrey Satinover believes influences including a postnatal environment have an impact on one's sexual orientation. Examples within this postnatal environment include cultural behavior as well as the behavior of one's parents and siblings (1). This is just one specification that one's sexual orientation is determined at a young age, and is a lifestyle that is not chosen. A statement issued by the American Psychological Association can support this observation. A spokesperson for the organization states that "...However, many scientists share the view that sexual orientation is shaped for most people at an early age through complex interactions of biological, psychological, and social factors" (1). Richard Green, a psychiatrist at the University of California, Los Angeles, conducted a study that compared effeminate and "masculine" boys (3). In this study, Green found that children who grow up to become homosexual often engage in "gender inappropriate play" in their early childhood. "Feminine" boys generally played four times as much with dolls and about a third as much with trucks ... ...y other suggested factors. One's sexual orientation cannot just change over night or within a couple of years. In many aspects, it is much like those who sing and dance. To elaborate, when hearing the biographies of many of today's stars, it is said that a vast majority of them started singing or dancing between the ages two and five. The same concept holds true for one's sexual orientation; it is developed early in one's childhood. References 1)Is Sexual Orientation Fixed at Birth? http://www.narth.com/docs/bornway.html 2)Is Being Gay Natural and Do We Have a Choice? http://www.gayline.gen.nz/natural.htm?o=0 3)Homosexuality: Chosen Lifestyle or Fixed Orientation? http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_fixe.htm 4)Homosexuality: Genetics & the Bible http://www.qrd.org/qrd/religion/judeochristian/another.effort.at.explaining.the.bible.and.queers

Costs and Price

Week I Quiz Results/Answers ECO561 1. Revenue increases when * producer surplus increases 2. An increase in the price of an inelastic good * increases revenues 3. Price elasticity of Demand increases when * people become less price sensitive over time 4. The purpose of a market in a market system is to * bring buyers and sellers into contact 5. By specializing in the production of one good, a company is able to benefit from economies of scale which increases its revenue. Which of the following is an attribute of specialization? * Saving time by allowing a worker to focus on one task . The market system promotes progress by * providing incentive for technological advances 7. Productive efficiency is achieved when * the best technology is used 8. The market is said to be in equilibrium when * neither a shortage nor a surplus exists 9. The market will move to a higher equilibrium price if * the increase in demand is greater than the increase in supply 10. The intersection of supply and demand will be at a lower equilibrium price but a higher equilibrium quantity if * demand is constant and supply increases 11. When a price ceiling occurs the market price will be lower than the equilibrium price 12. Because the goals of firms, entrepreneurs, and workers have different incentives, which of the following principles applies? * Self-interest Week 2 Quiz Results/Answers ECO561 1. Purely competitive firms increase total revenue by * increasing production (To increase revenue, firms look to increase price or quantity, as price multiplied by quantity equals total revenue. Purely competitive firms can sell as much as they want at the market price. Adding additional units of the product does not result in a change in the market price.Therefore, since purely competitive firms do not influence price, they increase total revenue by increasing quantity). 2. What are two ways for a competitive firm to determine the optimal level of production, that is, the level of production tha t will maximize profit or minimize losses? * Comparing total revenue to total cost or marginal revenue to marginal costs (A firm can look at two factors when considering whether it is maximizing profit or minimizing losses. First, it can find the maximum difference between total revenue and total cost.Second, a firm can look at the additional revenue gained from selling one more unit and at the additional cost from producing that additional unit. As long as the additional revenue from selling one more unit is greater than the cost of producing that unit, the firm will continue to increase its revenue. If the additional cost of producing another unit is greater than the additional revenue generated by selling that additional unit, the firm takes away from its total profit; this is the difference between revenue and cost.Thus, a firm maximizes its profit by producing at the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Before that, additional profit can be generated, while after that, the firm reduces it overall profit). 3. Suppose that a firm determines that its marginal revenue is greater than its marginal cost, it would be better to * increase production (Inelastic goods are necessities that consumers continue to purchase even when the price increases. This increases the revenue, as more is paid for each good. The percentage change in price increases faster than the change in quantity, which may remain constant.When more is paid for a good or a service, revenue increases). 4. It is profitable for a firm to continue employing additional resources as long as * Marginal Revenue Product >= Marginal Resource Cost (As with the optimal level of production for a good, the optimal usage of a resource is determined by ensuring that the revenue from that resource is at least equal to the marginal cost of that resource) 5. As additional units are produced, the marginal revenue product falls for all firms because marginal product decreases.For firms operating in indu stries that are not perfectly competitive, marginal revenue product also falls because * product price falls as output increases (While perfectly or purely competitive firms must accept the price set by supply and demand in the market, firms facing other market structures have some control over the price they set for their products. However, to increase the quantity demanded of their product, they must decrease their price. In doing so, while some firms may have the ability to set different prices for different groups, called price discriminating, most firms cannot.As a result, the firm must lower the price on that good for all consumers; therefore, the product price falls as output increases) 6. All things being equal, an increase in demand for a product†¦ * increases demand for the resources used in its production (When a firm sees an increase in the demand for its product, it will increase its production. In doing so, the firm increases the demand for the resources it uses t o produce its product. An increase in demand for a product does increase the quantity supplied. The firm sees that it can increase the price on each unit to address the shortage that emerges, so there is more sold.This does not mean that the firm changes the amount of production at the original price) 7. Marginal cost can be defined as the addition to _____ of one more unit of output. * total variable costs (Marginal cost measures the cost of producing the next unit. Because fixed costs do not change with additional output, they do not add to total fixed costs. In addition, while average costs—both total and fixed—change with additional levels of output, as average costs are divided by the quantity produced, they do not reflect the full addition to the cost.Thus, the cost of producing an additional unit reflects the additional cost of inputs needed for production (variable costs). 8. If a firm starts small and, over time, builds successively larger plant sizes or adds additional work space in an office, average total costs are most likely to * initial decrease then increase 9. Demand for resources, including labor, depend on its * productivity While being profitable, available, and accessible are relevant to the demand for resources, the productivity of the resource in question determines how profitable the good or service will be. 0. The primary difference between increasing- and decreasing-cost industries lies in * the fact that the average total cost (ATC) of firms in increasing-cost industries will first decline and then eventually increase with output, while decreasing-cost firms experience progressively lower ATC with increased output (By definition, an increasing-cost industry experiences a rising ATC as output increases, while a decreasing-cost industry enjoys a lower ATC as output increases. 11. When adding labor or other factors of production, businesses may see their total product rise, but see their per-unit increase in return for eac h additional unit diminish. This phenomenon * is known as diminishing marginal product and has general market application (The diminishing marginal product theory states that the marginal product decreases as a firm, introduces one new input into production while holding all other inputs fixed. ) 12.In the short run, firms should shut down if The correct answer is A. AVC > P. In the long term, a firm wants to receive a price greater than the cost of production per unit: average total cost. In the short term, a firm may have bills, regardless of whether it is producing anything. For example, a firm may have signed a long-term lease or may have other contracts it is obligated to pay. These costs are generally fixed costs that do not vary with the level of production.However, firms also have a variety of other costs that are only incurred if the firm is producing: variable costs. Thus, in the short term, a firm should determine how to minimize the costs it will face, such as closing do wn and only paying the fixed costs or continuing to operate and incurring both the fixed costs and variable costs but offsetting the variable costs and some of the fixed costs with the revenues earned from production.If the price is less than the average variable cost, then only some of the variable costs will be covered and all of the fixed costs are incurred; therefore, the firm is spending more by continuing to operate rather than shutting down. 13. When you are considering the value of a resource in its next best use, you are considering its * opportunity cost Opportunity cost is defined as the value of the next best use of the resources. In economic terms, opportunity costs include both the explicit costs of production and the implicit costs of production. 14.Of the four major market structures—perfectly competitive, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly— reducing variable costs of production * enhance profit per-unit, because profit equals revenue minus c ost (Under all market structures, the profit maximization rule stays the same, that is MC = MR. A cost reduction in all cases reduces the MC and increases the profit margin. ) Week Three Quiz Results ECO561 1. | Answered| | 2. | Answered| | 3. | Answered| | 4. | Answered| | 5. | Answered| | 6. | Answered| | 7. | Unanswered| | 8. | Unanswered| | 9. | Unanswered| | 10. Unanswered| | 11. | Unanswered| | 12. | Unanswered| | 13. | Unanswered| | 14. | Unanswered| | ————————————————- Top of Form Bottom of Form 1. | Answered| | 2. | Answered| | 3. | Answered| | 4. | Answered| | 5. | Answered| | 6. | Answered| | 7. | Unanswered| | 8. | Unanswered| | 9. | Unanswered| | 10. | Unanswered| | 11. | Unanswered| | 12. | Unanswered| | 13. | Unanswered| | 14. | Unanswered| | ——————————————†”—- Top of Form 7. Marginal cost can be defined as the addition to _____ of one more unit of output. Bottom of Form

My character, Miss Torso Essay

My character, Miss Torso is outgoing and full of life. She has a passion for dancing and it finds a way into every aspect of her life. She dances whilst making breakfast and entertains male guests as it is highly amusing. The enthusiasm I embody cannot be faked and is clearly seen in the opening scenes. Hitchcock, my director manipulates my character and her personality to be overtly sexualised and purely for the viewing of male counterparts. I resent the portrayal of my character having to rely on the affection of men to be happy. Yes, I enjoy the company and the entertainment they provide but I do not need it to survive or to find happiness. Not only are the women in the film presented as highly attractive and submissive to men, they are given the stereotype of women being needy and reliant on men. However if you look closely at the film you will see that if it weren’t for the women, the mystery of the murder would never have been uncovered. Crucial female characters found many clues, pieced together the events within the crime and risked their lives with absolutely no recognition. Lisa, who could have had a strong relationship with Miss Torso given the opportunity could have helped further the investigation. With the understanding that the genre relies heavily on these stereotypes to recognise crime fiction they should be re-evaluated as the times have changed. Women have fought relentlessly to attain rights and equality which should be represented within this film. I feel my character was merely a device for Hitchcock to exemplify his themes of voyeurism and women being the subject of the male gaze. As even her name is characterised after her body it highlights the stereotype that women are simply at appease the male counterparts. My part within the film is that of being a doppelganger to Lisa. I highlight the traits of an attractive female in this time period. These being that without a man you are lost and that your happiness depends solely on the comfort and reliance that a man provides. With this I find utterly absurd as both Lisa and I live by ourselves and manage our lives to our satisfaction. The affection I receive from males by entertaining are all for my pleasure. In the film however this is not how it is portrayed; rather than for my amusement and independence it is depicted as my reliance on men. I resent this portrayal as it is far from what I feel. This all returns back to the murder of Mrs Thorwald. The assumption is made that she was a whinging wife that was bedridden and could not perform the daily duties that are expected thus leading to her murder. The whole concept of marriage is burdened with negative connotations throughout the film. Even the newlywed couple who are blissfully on their honeymoon depict this when at the end of the film the husband is seen looking out the window with distain towards his wife. It is almost seen as acceptable that the wife is murdered as not even the professional detective will take the case seriously. My character portrays a woman reliant of men with her quality of life being completely due to male involvement. This is a huge misinterpretation of the strong, independent and charismatic woman that she actually is. These traits need to be highlighted rather than subverted as a means of accentuating the theme of females being subject to the male gaze.

Reflective Log on Safeguarding

During your induction we discussed the importance of reflection, and ways in which this can be done. Below are some key questions you should consider after undertaking a training session You are expected to complete a reflective log following each of the workshops you attend. This will be used as evidence towards your qualification so the more detail you include the more criteria you will cover. Key questions to think about? Why did you choose to attend the workshop? Safeguarding is one of the most basic and the most important thing that effects the working of any setting.This course was an eye opener to me in various aspects and I Lana to attend more of these to touch up on what I have learnt. What did you hope to learn from attending the workshop? To gain insight into the guidelines, policies, procedures for safeguarding chiders and young people. To know how to respond to evidence of concerns where a child or young person may be abused. Did the workshop meet your expectations? Yes. It was very informative and touched on lots of Issues. Was there anything that you didn't understand or need further guidance with? Not much. In depth or more detailed will help. But this was Just a one day workshop.What have you learnt from attending the workshop? How to respond In case of abuse or harmful evidence surrounding children, The various policies , procedures and guidelines on safeguarding. Understood the importance of working In Ana environment where communication has to be very effective. And to work In partnership with various other organizations which regard to children safety. How have you cascaded your learning to your team? Yes. How has the workshop Impacted on your practice? I am more vigilant and I am more confident as I know what to do and what can be done. How has your learning benefited your setting?Being a volunteer I did not have much knowledge of basics. I am now more confident and I know I can rely on my team to support me whenever need arise.. Where wil l you go next? Do you need further Information/training? A regular touch up on the course would be beneficial. Please give examples wherever possible to support your reflections. I now know about the LESS. The context of mute agency working. The signs/ forms and effects of abuse. WHat to look out for. Indemnifying the delftware kinds of abuse psychological, emotional, physiochemical and financial. Reflective Log on Safeguarding By vaudevillian's Yes.It was very informative and touched on lots of issues. Was there anything that How to respond in case of abuse or harmful evidence surrounding children, The importance of working in Ana environment where communication has to be very effective. And to work in partnership with various other organizations which regard to How has the workshop impacted on your practice? You go next? Do you need further information/training? A regular touch up on the The context of mute agency working. The signs/ forms and effects of abuse. WHat to look out fo r. Indemnifying the different kinds of abuse psychological, emotional, physiochemical and financial.

Lymphedema

Lymphoma Lymphoma is known as lymphatic obstruction, this condition can and will cause fluid retention and tissue swelling. This is caused by a compromised lymphatic system. The 1st incident of lymphoma noted on the records was by Sir William Osler for William Mildly, an American physician, who described a case in 1892, though It was first described by Rudolf Birch In 1863. It Is also known as Mildly disease, None-Mildly-Image syndrome and hereditary lymphoma.In later years any other causes were found such as cancer surgery where nodes were removed resulting In the term secondary lymphoma. In the last few years with genetic testing we have found mixed deemed such as the person who has the genetic tendency for lymphoma but didn't have It In childhood but who had trauma or surgery and developed It later In life, which Is a primary lymphoma patient with secondary causes Lymphoma Is something I have come well familiar with due to my boyfriend has primary Allemande. He was diagnosed -In 2 007 but for 4 years no one knows what was wrong with him.Now that he has been diagnosed we are working to control the fluid and the growth. With his condition it has affected his left leg. This condition has changed his whole life. He had to change his diet, clothing, his fluid intake, travel and even his soap. This is a condition that he may have to live with the rest of his life. I say may b/c I believe there will be a cure or if not a cure and plan to protect this condition from taking over the body the way it does. With having Lymphoma you need to do therapy at least 3-5 days a week depends on what yourDoctor puts you on. Therapy consist of massaging the lymph nodes starting from the neck to the shoulders to under the breast to the armpit down to the waist to groin to the inner to outside portion of the thighs and work your way down to the knee to the ankle. The progress is repeated starting from the ankle to the neck once you complete one side if the body you will start on the other side. Once the massage is complete for the whole body is now time to wrap the affected portion of the body (the leg) with bandages. The bandages are applied to retain reduction.There are efferent types are bandages one type is foam which works better for my boyfriend so he can bend is leg. When you are wrapped you are constricted to movement. I do believe with all the research taking place now there will be a cure or an evolution In the development or care and medicine. Thankful all for you time If you have any questions I will answer to the best of my ability and I also have websites and some brochures about the condition though it was first described by Rudolf Birch in 1863. It is also known as Mildly resulting in the term secondary lymphoma.In the last few years with genetic tendency for lymphoma but didn't have it in childhood but who had trauma or surgery and developed it later in life, which is a primary lymphoma patient with secondary causes Lymphoma is something I have come well familiar with due to my boyfriend has primary Lymphatic. He was diagnosed -in 2007 but for 4 years believe with all the research taking place now there will be a cure or an evolution in Thank you all for you time if you have any questions I will answer to the best of my ability and I also have websites and some brochures about the condition

Contract & Procurement - Business outsourcing - Case study 3 Essay

Contract & Procurement - Business outsourcing - Case study 3 - Essay Example We have been considering their revenue and therefore we negotiate with them on the repayment. Our flexibility in terms of interest on loans has also been an admiration to many. Our institution have been offering different interest rate depending on the amount borrowed and the repayment time. The greater the sum borrowed, the less the interest charged. Also, the shorter the repayment time, the less the interest charged. We also offer monetary advice on venturing and savings. These additional services are also important to our customers since some of them may be willing to start a business but lacks the knowledge and how to begin. Our services are, therefore, outstanding, and we are getting new customers every day. We are, therefore, facing some challenges in coping with the ever increasing customers in some areas of operation. The areas include; finance and accounting, investment and management, and procurement (Davis & Heineke, 2009). There are many factors that affect the decision o f a firm to outsource some functions. The table below gives some of these factors. After a careful consideration, the firm management have decided to outsource this sector of operation. Accounting is one of the crucial department in any institution more so a financial institution. We are looking to make sure that our financial operations reach a professional height. The financial companies that are willing to work with us must have a reputable past. The reason is that we want serious company that will take our operations to a notch higher. The following are the requirements for the companies bidding for the post should possess. The company should have a professional human resource department that is approved by the professional accountancy authority in the country. They will, therefore, be a requirement of the approval certificate of the workers in the company. The firm should also be enumerated with the registry of the companies according

Alienation in Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alienation in Hamlet - Essay Example * Alienation can be seen within Hamlet's soliloquies, his conversations with other characters and within his actions. Hamlet may be regarded as the prototype for the scores of "angry young men" what have populated literature, poetry, plays and latterly films since he first appeared on the stage. Hamlet's alienation is personified by his opening line: It is the fact that his first line is an aside that so perfectly encapsulates his alienation from a society that he should be the center of. He does not speak the line to his Uncle, or even the Court, but rather as an inward comment aimed at breaking the third wall of the stage for the audience. He is alienated from his world, and part of ours because of it. As the play continues Hamlet's alienation deepens and starts to influence many of those around him. When he decides to put "an antic disposition on" (I.5, 175) the question arises for the rest of the play whether he is playing at being mad, genuinely mad, or perhaps both. Here is the second part of "alienation" - madness that removes a person from the common spheres of reality. But Hamlet's madness is in fact closer to the reality and genuine feeling than those supposedly sane people around him. Thus later in the scene when he is chided for carrying on with his mourning beyond that which is seen as convenient or seemly, he answers, "I have that within which passeth show." (I.2, 85) Others show their feelings on the outside, they are merely masks of feeling while Hamlet genuinely feels on the inside. The fact that he cannot show what he feels properly, or more importantly, act upon what he feels brings further alienation. After the King chides Hamlet for being too gloomy, the latter produces another pun, as he states "not so, my lord, I am too much in the sun" (I.2, 67). Thus the fact that Hamlet is too much in the 'light' for his liking is mirrored with the fact that he is too much a "son". Hamlet cannot forget his father as the rest of the kingdom appears to have found it so easy to do. This sense of aloneness is another case of alienation for the young prince. He uses a bitter kind of humor to try and hide it, but it is a futile attempt. When Gertrude attempts to lighten the mood by saying that Hamlet's attitude "seems" peculiar to him, Hamlet retorts with the following: . . . seems madam Nay, it is. I know not seems. (I.2, 76) Later in the play these themes develop to fruition. When the actor cries over the death of his imaginary lover Hamlet is disgusted with himself, "what's Hecuba to him or he to her" (III.1, 497). Nothing is the silent reply, but the actor can show more emotion than Hamlet when can when his father has been genuinely murdered. In this opening scene the King and Queen say far more to Hamlet than he says in return. This illustrates the fact that words can at times be used to dissemble rather than communicate. The King and Queen use words to hide the obvious impropriety of their marriage so soon after Hamlet's father's death. Hamlet says so little because there is little that needs to be said. He regards the facts about the marriage as so obvious that they

CRJ-105 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CRJ-105 questions - Essay Example However, given the drug courts currently in operation and the success with which they have operated to date it is clear that they are the future for drug related crime. According to the National Institute of Justice, â€Å"As of June 2010, there were over 2500 drug courts operating throughout the U.S. More than half of these target adult offenders; others address juvenile, child welfare and different court case types.† (National Institute of Justice, 2011) Anything that can reduce crime while at the same time reducing the potential for recidivism of criminals and benefit the community at the same time is a positive approach within the modern criminal justice system. By integrating treatment programs into the sentencing of the individuals for the drug related crimes committed society will see a vast difference over time as well as the levels currently seen in the prison system will be reduced. According to one report, â€Å"A number of randomized and controlled experimental studies published in peer-reviewed journals have found that drug court graduates have significantly lower re-arrest rates†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (National Institute of Justice,

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Human Resources - Essay Example Differences between Personnel management and HRM Personnel management is essentially an administrative record keeping function at the operational level. Personnel management attempts to sustain fair terms and conditions of employment while simultaneously, efficiently managing personnel activities. HRM, on the other hand, is concerned with the development and implementation of people strategies that are integrated with corporate strategies and guarantee that the culture, structure, and values of the organization, as well as the quality, motivation and commitment of the employees contribute fully to the attainment of the organization’s goals (Armstrong 2006, p.5). HRM is concerned with undertaking of analogous functional activities conventionally undertaken by the personnel function such as job analysis, employee relations, planning, and compensation management; however, the HRM approach undertakes these functions in qualitatively distinct way relative to personnel management (D uberley and Walle1995, p.891). Personnel management is essentially workforce centered, directed largely at the organization’s employees. ... HRM, on the other hand, is strategic in nature concerned with directly aiding organizations to gain sustained competitive advantage (Guest, Michie, Conway, and Sheehan 2003, p.291). HRM is mainly more proactive than personnel management, whereas personnel management is concerned with the maintenance of personnel and administrative systems. Personnel management is largely applied in the public sector, tertiary education, and local government despite the complexity associated with public sector including a mix of politics, service delivery, and management. In the private sector, HRM can be used to manage the human side in corporate and large organizations, banks, small and medium –sized enterprise, consultancies, and trade unions. High performance working environment is linked to attainment of high levels of performance, profitability, and customer satisfaction (Armstrong 2006, p.6). Firms such as Tesco and British Airways have demonstrated the significant role played by HRM in the attainment of management objectives mirrored in the transformation of the personnel management function. (P2) The function of HRM centres on planning, developing, and administering policies and programs designed to render the expeditious utilization of organization’s human resources. HRM is concerned with the process of hiring and developing employees with the aim of transforming the employees into valuable resources for the organization (Sims 2002, p.3). The human resources function is mainly responsible for managing workforce as primary resources that play a critical part in the firm’s success. HRM largely functions as a value adding a component in the organization based on the strategic utilization of

Security issues associated with Social Media Essay

Security issues associated with Social Media - Essay Example Similarly, social medical security concerns have dominated the highlights in the last few decades, (Ludlow, 1996). With various social media products, the default setting spread everything and clients have to set their views to privatize their accounts. These practices open up various security concerns because various people gains access to personal information. With modern cases of malware, phishing and spam, social media products create various security issues. Cybercrime can hack information about a user from his social networking posts or profile and shape his attacks in accordance to his like and interests. Experts define this as social engineering, an act that makes security risks increasingly hard to recognize. Some social media users share large private information amount in their social media products such as Facebook and MySpace. Such information entails personal, demographic and other information, pictures and videos. Various clients publish their information publicly and any careful thought. Therefore, social media has turned out to be a main pool of sensitive information. Additionally, users of social media are mainly confident on their colleagues. They constantly incline to friend requests and entertain sent items. This may compromise personal details that hackers may take advantage of to attack users. Similarly, inadequate physical contact on such social media products can reduce the natural defenses of users, resulting into people revealing private information to strangers and enemies, (Dhillon, 2002). Sharing private information such as passwords, contact details, images and other confidential information in social media products is increasingly dangerous. Theoretically, a person can find out the city you reside and your whereabouts at a certain hour of the day. With the help of the pictures, the person can show up and pretend to be a long lost relative who is lucky and need some financial assistance. Inadequate physical contact allows false pr ofile creation, for instance, a user may think he is chatting with his family member (brother or sister) while he is chatting with a stranger from another place. Excessive chatting on social media sites can create unnecessary gossips about the organization that an employee works and its strategic goals and plans, while unscrupulous rival can engineer workers into disclosing company’s intellectual property, (Quigley, 2005). In some cases, hackers go direct to the source and inject malicious passwords or codes into social media sites such as internal advertisements and third-party applications. For instance, in Twitter, summarized URLs are utilized to trick clients into opening malicious sites, which can extract individual or organizational data if accessed via office computer. Similarly, Twitter is mainly vulnerable to this mechanism as it is possible to tweet a posts to be posted and revealed to a million of people. Hacking of accounts is not mainly a security issues from the friends circles angle, it is extremely risky to workers and users too. Poor management of accounts passwords and unencrypted connections are a risky mix that may result to hijacks of accounts and the possibility for adverse reputational

Analysis of Normal Accidents as described by Richard Bookstaber Essay

Analysis of Normal Accidents as described by Richard Bookstaber - Essay Example The best that an investor may get out of a bad investment is cost aversion. In the absence of this, the investor may be very certain that he or she would be running at a loss. In some cases, the choice of investment is not necessarily what constitutes a bad investment for an investor. Rather, it is the approach used in investing. So an investor may be selecting the best form of investment but he or she may be approaching the investment wrongly. This is exactly the point outlined by Bookstaber in his book, A Demon of our own. The writer is very concerned about approaches that are taken by investors because, in his opinion, a series of tightly coupled processes may only lead to normal accidents, which not as the name suggests, may be very disastrous. Normal Accidents Explained In his writing, Bookstaber describes normal accidents in relation to financial forces. The writer first uses scenarios of other forms of forces to explain his arguments of normal forces. The writer notes that â⠂¬Å"if you put in an extra warning light or sensor on a nuclear reactor or an aeroplane, that's one more thing that could fail, causing confusion and a disastrous cascade of cause and effect† (Fitch, 2009). In the words of Fitch (2009), the situation causes â€Å"investors to bet on stocks, bonds and interest rates, often with a large degree of leverage.† The resulting consequence for such decisions is that there have been derivatives that have led to high levels of complexities in the financial system and this has led to normal accidents (Bookstaber, 2008, pg. 143). The concept of normal accidents as introduced by Bookstaber could, therefore, be related to the everyday concept of putting all of a person’s eggs in one basket. It is known that the resulting effect of such an action is that once the basket breaks the fellow losses all the eggs. In the financial sector, once investors become overconfident in their investment and channel all their funds to a single domain, the resulting effect is tight coupling and complexity Indeed, â€Å"the combination of tight coupling and complexity is a formula for normal accident† – especially when the structure of the fin ancial system cannot handle the complexity. (Bookstaber, 2008, pg. 256). Tightly Coupled Processes in the Financial Sector In page 256, introduces a concept of the structure of the system when he says that normal accidents are â€Å"accidents that are all but evitable as a result of the structure of the system.† The idea that this piece of information creates is that normal accidents are actually often influenced by the prevailing financial structures and system. Indeed, it is when the financial sector gets tightly coupled that investment decisions by investors may result in normal accidents.  

Xploring Empirical Modeling and web-enabled EM tools Essay

Xploring Empirical Modeling and web-enabled EM tools - Essay Example In this paper, the concepts of EM with web-enabled EM tools will be investigated in accordance with a classic game ‘Battleship’. Web EDEN is the first web-enabled version of EDEN introduced in 2007, but there were few potential disadvantages of Web EDEN. However, a newer version of web-enabled EM tools called JsEden, has been developed in 2010. It is based on a JavaScript implementation of EDEN and it eliminated the major disadvantage introduced by Web Eden. This paper will explore JsEden and its advantages. The first web-enabled EM tool is called Web-EDEN, it was introduced in 2007. Web EDEN has several disadvantages. The major disadvantage is load-balancing between client and server. This is because EDEM models run at the clients are sent to the server for interpretation which produces a large network load. Thus the interpretation is slow. However, JsEden has resolved this issue by implementing EDEN with JavaScript, although this is still in prototype stage, but it deals with all the issues of Web-Eden and provides several advantages over Web-EDEN. Given that JsEden is a browser based implementation of EDEN, thus, it addresses the issues of portability and provides capability of cross-platform. JsEden has improved the portability to a greater extent by implementing EDEN using JavaScript. However, portability is addressed by following the principles of EM. In this scenario, the major concepts such as observables, dependency and agency are not machine-specific terms; they are related to experience that comes from interacting with computer during the construction of models. In addition, the traditional implementation of EDEN has relied on invoking procedural actions triggered by observable changes. Additionally, drawing interface in JsEden has to be explicitly programmed and point on the display has to be redrawn to maintain the dependency between internal state and their visual counterpart. Since

Superhero Morality Essay Example for Free

Superhero Morality Essay ?I intend to prove that superheroes are not immoral for not abiding by the law. I am defining immorality as going against was is accepted as good behavior. Superheroes are very simply people who defend and protect those in need with their extraordinary abilities. Superman, Batman, the Flash, Ironman, Captain America, Thor and many others have graced us with their entertainment in movies, comic-books, and television shows. Their purpose is to save mankind in ways that â€Å"ordinary† people can’t. Superheros are not ordinary so they should not have to abide by laws that ordinary people put into place. People are not supposed to go out and take the law into their own hands. Essentially that makes them criminals. But let me ask a question. If somebody has a broken arm and can’t open a door isn’t it your moral obligation to open the door for them if you can? The same thing applies to superheroes, when the law is incapable of stopping people that are hurting people who are unable to defend themselves and the superheroes can, isn’t it their responsibility to stop them? As Peter Parker’s Uncle Ben said â€Å"With great power, comes great responsibility. † Take Batman in the series the Dark Knight. For years gangs ran the city with the law being incapable of doing anything because everyone was afraid of testifying against the gangs. People were being killed, stores were being robbed, children were being forced to watch their parents die. Enforcers of the law were in the pockets of these criminals. Crime ran the city, until one citizen decided to do something about it, Bruce Wayne. Now Bruce was not a cop, he technically had no authority to go about eliminating crime lords but the people with the authority to take out the crime lords were incapable of doing it because of the law itself. Law is supposed to help keep order in the world, but in Gotham it was keeping the crime in order. So Batman rose. Superheroes are the only ones that can standup and make a change when the law is ultimately hurting the people it was designed to protect even if it is technically breaking the law. Some disagree with superheroes being exempt from the law. Especially in a land of democracy superheroes should be on the same ground as â€Å"ordinary people†. Saying that superheroes don’t have to abide by the law is welcoming chaos. If they can do it, why can’t ordinary people? Since Superman can fly into a hostage situation why can’t an ordinary man like John? John might think that he has the ability to negotiate or stealthily get the people out of the dangerous situation because he negotiates for his job or sneaks out of his house a lot to see his mistress without his wife ever knowing. He has a special skill set that someone on the police force might not have. Using the logic of â€Å"if you can do it you should do it† it would be John’s responsibility to go into that hostage situation to save those people. Saying that it’s okay for superheroes is hypocritical because anyone can be a superhero. It would be different if we were saying that only people with abilities no one else can attain could be a superhero. Superman and Thor are perfect examples. Both of these superheroes attained their powers from their lineage. They can do what normal humans cannot. But superheroes like Ironman and Batman are ordinary people with rich banks. So saying they can take the law into their own hands is giving the okay for everyone to take the law into their own hands which ends in chaos. The law was put into place to give structure to a naturally chaotic world. Ultimately if there is chaos more bad behavior is going on than good behavior. More immoralities than moralities. Most laws punish what isn’t good behavior like killing, stealing, or forging which i bad behavior. Bad behavior is breaking rule, in this case a law. Those actions are immoral, so law is a good compass for what is moral and immoral. We cannot hold people who break these law accountable if the very same person that brought them in broke laws as well. That’s why warrants and other measures exist for the people that are trained to enforce the law. Using Okham’ razor it simple. People that break the law are criminals. Superheroes break the law. Superheroes are criminals. The issue with that argument is that superheroes are not normal people. They are different hence the â€Å"super† before the hero. If John the unfaithful husband that has a job in negotiation went into the hostage situation and succeeded in getting the people out he would be considered a hero not a superhero. Superheroes achieve what should be impossible. Batman and Ironman are a different type of superheroes but they are superheroes because of their gadgets and genius minds. The men themselves a Bruce Wayne and Tony Stark are not superheroes because they cannot achieve superhuman acts without their gadgets. If, a men, they were to save people they would be considered heroes. But when these men put on their suits and use their genius minds to power them they become superheroes. Because superheroes are not normal people they abide by different rules/laws. A sort of superheroes code. One for example is not killing. I can say this and be correct because law is not the decider of immorality. Stealing to feed ones family is a good behavior, the act is not immoral but the person can go to jail for it because stealing is against the law. Lying is immoral, but there is no law against lying. The reasons for laws is the prevent chaos, but the reason superheroes rise is because there is chaos. In the Justice League cartoon show Wonder woman left her homeland to stand beside the other members of the Justice League because the world was in turmoil. If the law was doing what it was supposed to do, preventing chaos, superheroes wouldn’t need to exist. But the law fails at doing that, which is why superheroes have to step in. There I also an utilitarian view. Superheroes have a choice. Either they follow the law perhaps letting innocent people die or be harmed because the law prevents them from stepping in which would most likely hurt many or they step in and eliminate the issue which would probably only hurt a few (which would be the villains most likely). I have proven that superheroes are not immoral for not abiding by the law by explaining that superheroes are not normal people so the law applies to them in a different way. Superheroes have a responsibility to abide by their own moral compass and live up to the responsibility of their power. Normal people can be heroes but they have to abide by the law so chaos won’t arise. Superheroes rise because there is chaos that the law can’t control. And since immorality is being defined as going against what is being considered good behavior it immorality is relative not a law so the superheroes are moral however they choose to save people.