Chronic Cough and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Research Paper

Incessant Cough and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - Research Paper Example Incessant hack in kids has been pervasive these days and as a rule this prompts much progressively genuine respiratory conditions. This point is imperative to the writer of this article in light of the fact that as a human services supplier it is a job of a medical attendant to maintain the soundness surprisingly particularly for individuals who are insusceptible denied, for example, in little youngsters. On an individual perception and as per considers, respiratory ailments are one of the most widely recognized reasons for hospitalization in kids. One can tell just by going into the pediatric branch of a medical clinic and perusing over the reasons for their hospitalization and the most elevated likelihood is that regularly ceaseless hack is consistently one of the causes. With this investigation is a would like to build up the relationship of ceaseless hack, one of the most widely recognized reason for mortality in kids, and GERD that could help in the best possible determination a nd just as legitimate treatment to forestall further entanglements. This is ideal and significant particularly for pediatric clinicians to help them in appropriately diagnosing interminable hack that may be expected to gastro-esophageal reflux illness and guide them in rewarding such conditions if the relationship be set up appropriately by investigates. What's more, most particularly the endpoint supporter would be the pediatric patients and their folks in light of the fact that setting up the relationship may wind up the high pervasiveness of interminable hack and kids just as hospitalization. This will set aside patients time and cash because of unessential diagnostics.

Why Wait for Tomorrow Why Not Now Free Essays

This article â€Å"More Testing More Learning† is composed by Patrick O’ Malley. In this article O’ Malley is discussing how to make an understudies learning more effectively than it is. The word all the more testing and all the more learning imply that in the event that we test increasingly, at that point it makes simpler for us to learn and see more. We will compose a custom exposition test on Why Wait for Tomorrow? Why Not Now? or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now In this section Patrick says that understudies today are so languid to concentrate on schedule, they possibly study when their midterms or finals are close, which gets them stressed over their investigations. He said that on the off chance that one understudy have C in his midterm, at that point he feels that last is the main possibility for him to overcome his class or it could break him and he could flung in it. O’ Malley has given astonishing recommendations in this article which could improve students’ scholarly and will be useful for him to learn better. O’ Malley has a solid point, that if instructors could give more in class tests or tests after each part or toward the finish of each section, at that point it would be useful for its understudy and will improve in understudies instructive information. It’s genuine that instruction has consistently had a significant influence in our lives, however concentrating without seeing ever encourages one in its expert life. We have seen a great deal of understudies including myself like to examine a night prior to our tests, which could give us an aftereffect of a disappointment. Our outcomes depend on our learning power, and on the off chance that our learning power is lesser, at that point the course material then it will cause us to feel as though we are in a tough situation. The issue isn't that we are in a tough situation of bombing the course or getting dropped from class since we can’t make it, however the issue is that our instructors ought to support us and make our course simpler for us to comprehend. By what means can an instructor do that? As O’ Malley said by give student’s in-class tests, tests after each section or part of study, and offer assignments to do, with the goal that the two of them realize how frail understudy is specifically subject. Taking these sorts of tests all the more as often as possible will urge understudy to change its propensity, and build up its learning abilities. At the other hand according to the contention goes on between teachers that a regular test appears to make more issues, in this manner there are numerous other substitute situations to accomplish similar standards. Initial one is to present a program which will chip away at improving understudies study aptitudes. While this program should show an understudy how to be set up for tests, besides this may won’t be useful in disposing of that stress and uneasiness, yet it will get past them. The subsequent situation is to give them in class inquiries to do. These inquiries will assist them with chipping away at their planning. Like for a model, if instructor is clarifying a section on in present class and pose them a few inquiries about that specific part so as to do an amendment in next class will help them improving their planning for comprehension and remembering the course material for a major test. Presently the third and last situation is about how to help understudy in arrangement of their midterm and end of the year tests. Before the two tests educator ought to furnish understudies with a type of a supposition paper. Like giving a few inquiries and thought of what is coming in test and where it is coming from, so it will be simpler for an understudy to learn, in light of the fact that they realize what is coming test and from where. Additional testing causes us to find out additional. Everybody has their own particular manners to learn, some do it simultaneously on same day and some postpone them until their tests. On the off chance that I would need to contrast myself with this article I would more probable say that I come in understudies who holds up until their tests are close. I have consistently concurred with the possibility that if educator will make learning simpler for us by giving us in class tests, tests, by posing a few inquiries on a day or two ago of class to see that if understudy recollects what they realize in past class, or by instructor giving an example test or they mention to us what is coming in test and what isn't. These all thoughts make it simpler for me it has consistently worked. I despite everything do have some instructor in present and past classes who consistently made it simple for me like my introduction to business and music class educators in last semester, and English and PC data educator in present semester. At long last I might want to state that instructors do help, they generally do, yet it relies upon us how regularly we comprehend and realize what is best for us to improve our abilities. Like I said before that the facts demonstrate that training is assuming a significant job in our life, yet what’s the utilization of that sort of instruction wherein we simply figure out how to dispose of it. As a vital saying by an individual to individual â€Å"Study what you like, study what you are acceptable at, yet concentrate by understanding it not by disposing of it†. How to refer to Why Wait for Tomorrow? Why Not Now?, Papers

A way a lone a last a loved a long the

A way a lone a last a loved a long the This weekend I went on a rafting trip down the Kennebec river in mid-to-Northern Maine with some people from my dorm. The Edwards Dam apparently didnt do much for the rainbow smelt population in the river, but it did make for some pretty nice class 4 rapids on the upper part of the river. We had about 36 people go, we slept in cabins, we swam, we played Mafia, and we saw the aurora borealis. Im a little too sleepy to blog about all of it tonight, so Ill leave you with this moral dilemma: On the way home, we stopped at a Wendys. I ordered a #5 Spicy Chicken Fillet combo. However, I was served a #4 Big Bacon Classic combo with mayonnaise and pickles. Now, as you can see, the actual nutritional difference between the two sandwiches was pretty much negligible; however, I really wanted some poultry, so I took the hamburger and my receipt back up and asked for a chicken sandwich. The cashier gave me a chicken sandwich, then took the hamburger, took it behind the counter, and threw it out. I understand that this should be company policy, since I had already handled the food and it was no longer saleable, but stillwouldnt it have been better to give the defective hamburger back to me rather than immediately disposing of it? Anyway, my dormmates and I had a passionate discussion about it on the bus, and then I called Mitra to settle things from an economic perspective. So, as I see it, these are the two main arguments: A: I shouldnt get the hamburger, because I didnt pay for it. B: I should get the hamburger, because they were going to throw it out anyway, so what does it matter whether it goes in the trash or into the mouth of somebody I know? What do you guys think? And have any of you actually worked at a fast food establishment? Is there a logical reason for this throw-out-the-bad-food policy that Im just missing because of my blinding love for Wendys spicy chicken? Anyway, until the matter is resolved Im boycotting Wendys, and I would encourage you to join me. Maybe, if Im so motivated, Ill write a letter to Wendy herself asking for an apology. Then, and only then, will I be able to enjoy in good conscience those tender, flaky, tangy sandwiches once more. Oh yeah. Yeah, so tomorrow actual rafting!

The Australian Security Intelligence Organization

My future is indefinite, and I can only attempt to improve it day by day. However, once you have your vision set out, you can take the steps towards your future, and become successful in anything that you set your mind to. Learning is a big part of growing and with the right mind frame and fruitfulness, the knowledge you attain in your everyday life will guide you towards a potential industry that you aspire to be involved in. Once you have knowledge, you can acquire a passion and that will be a constant drive towards your goals. A passion that I have recognised in myself lies in the industry of Public Administration and Safety. To be more concise the sector that I will be focusing on within this industry is The Australian Security†¦show more content†¦From past censuses it confirms that the expansion rate of employment in this sector is above the nation’s average in relation to all industries. Therefore, it is quite observable that this industry provides abundant opportunity for individuals in the Australian community seeking employment. Depending on which sector you are employed in, this will determine your role. Eight sectors can be classified from public administration and safety and those are; â€Å"Defence, Justice, Regulatory Services, Central Government Administration, Public Order Safety Services, State Government Administration, Local Government Administration and Government Representation† (My career match, 2012). Contributions to society are endless, since the roles can be towards defence, or local community protection, with this in mind majority of the government workers tend to be passionate towards the idea of promoting the nations interests in their workplace. In doing so it creates a connection of organisations that systematically work together. The industries broadness presents the opportunity for me to analyse my chosen career more thoroughly, in relation to an ASIO career I believe every day the job involves analysing and reporting prospective t hreats. Resulting in a production of protective security measures, in which Australia’s communities, people and assets are safe. From the words of Pietsch and McAlister â€Å"Australia has been

Hond An Analysis Of Honda Motor Corporation Limited

Honda – An analysis Introduction: Honda Motor Corporation limited is a Japanese public Multinational Company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. It is well known for manufacturing motorcycles, automobiles, power products and financial services. The company is world’s largest motorcycle manufacturers and one of the top ten automakers. The company has a network of 365 subsidiaries and 83 affiliates. Honda has thirty-five assembly plants across the world. Out of which seven are in North America, four in South America, fifteen plants in Asia/Oceania, seven in china, five in Europe/Middle East/Africa and nine in Japan. (Honda, n.d.) It was established in September 1948 by Soichiro Honda and Takeo Fujisawa under the basic principle of â€Å"The Respect for Individual† and â€Å"The Three Joys† expressed as â€Å"The Joy of Buying†, â€Å"The joy of Selling† and â€Å"The Joy of Creating†. The company has developed a decentralized organizational structure. (Honda, n.d.) Fig1. Depicts level of higher hierarchy at Honda (Honda, n.d.) From table 1, Fumihiko Ike is the Chairman of the company. Takanobu Ito and Tetsuo Iwamura are President and Vice President respectively. Nobuo Kuroyanagi and Hideko kunii are designated as outside directors in accordance to Article 2, Item 15 of the Company Law. Takashi Yamamoto and Yoshiharu Yamamoto are designated as Senior managing Officers. Toshihiko Nonaka and Masahiro Yoshida are the managing Officers while Yuji Shiga, Kohei Takeuchi, Shinji Aoyama and Noriya Kaihara are

Sexual Revolution and Methods of Contraception Essay

Sexual Revolution and Methods of Contraception Birth Control and Contraceptives The sexual revolution introduced a whole new idea of controlled births and the use of different forms of birth control. Contraceptives have been used since the time of the ancient Egyptians, but the sexual revolution introduced a whole new form and more efficient way to prevent conception of a child. The use of contraceptives helped control the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, lowered the percentage of illegitimate children, and reduced the risk of pregnancy. Even as early as the times of the ancient Greeks, people could tell the difference between abortifacients and contraceptives. During this era, things such as linen condoms, dried fish†¦show more content†¦A plant called silphium was used effectively as a birth control device until its extinction in the 4th century AD. Another plant that is considered highly effective to the contraception of children is Queen Anne’s Lace. This plant was considered an oral contraceptive dating back 2000 years ago. In the late 1980s, scientists that were experimenting with Queen Anne’s Lace, noticed that the mice they fed the plant to had blocked the production of progesterone and inhibited fetal and ovarian growth. This plant is still used today as a morning-after contraceptive for women in rural areas when they drink the seeds of the plant with a glass of water. Other plants that may be used as birth control include pennyroyal, asafoetida, myrrh, willow, date palm, juniper, pine, and even some foods like onions and cabbage may have some sort of contraceptive powers in them. The problem with using plants as contraceptives is because nature is often random and inconsistent. Different growing conditions and things like different parent plants will all effect the effectiveness of the plants contraceptive powers. (Noble) Intrauterine Device: Intrauterine Devices are one of the oldest forms of birth control known to man. In ancient times, Arabic camel traders would place stones in their camels uterus in order to keep the camel from becoming pregnant in the marketplace. Today, aShow MoreRelatedPower Relations : An Overview Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pageswithin society (ed. Rabinow and Rose 2003). In relation to sex education, we can attribute this subjectivity to macro-level factors such as legislature passed by Congress and religious influence, societal level factors—age and gender and access to contraception, and familial factors—relationship between parents and children. Legislature Several studies have shown an overwhelming amount of support for comprehensive sex education compared to abstinence-only education (Herrman et al. 2013; Bourke 2014).Read MoreThe Arrival Of The Pill979 Words   |  4 Pagestime there existed a method of contraception that separated birth control from the act of sexual intercourse, while having a nearly one hundred percent success rate. When the pill hit the market, at the peak of the baby boom, it was overwhelming mothers who rushed to get it. While some commentators feared that the pill would wreak havoc on morals and sexual behaviour (some even going as far to say that it would lead to adultery), others claimed that it would cure the social, sexual and political illsRead MoreBirth Control And The Pregnancy Prevention1284 Words   |  6 Pagesthat women should maintain the right to protect themselves against unwanted pregnancies. Margaret Sanger is The Woman Rebel who, despite overwhelming opposition, pioneered the way for moder n family planning and, more importantly, the female sexual revolution. The subject of birth control and the debate on whether birth control should be used is not a new subject. For centuries, women were using primitive and unsafe means of birth control to prevent pregnancies. Women had little education on theRead MoreOral Contraceptive Pill And Its Effects On The Way Different People Experience Sexuality Essay1818 Words   |  8 Pagesin terms of contraception have impacted on the way different people experience sexuality throughout history, but the extent to which they shape these experiences is a highly contested topic. The introduction of the oral contraceptive pill in the early 1960s is often attributed as the spark of the ‘sexual revolution’ as it put the power of a woman’s fertility in her hands, but I will argue that the feminist movement of the 1970s (as a social factor) had more of an effect on the sexual freedom of womenRead MoreWhy Do We Continue to Debate the Use of Contraception Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesContrac eption is it right or wrong and are you to young to decide for yourself? Recently we have been hearing a lot about Contraception ad if it is right or wrong and who gets to decide. 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Birth control was not merely a technique to expand the realm of personal freedom; it grew out of a radical political ideology that contributed to the liberation of women, especially working-class women. Although the idea of contraception marginalized those who believed that birth control was against the laws of God and nature, Margaret Sanger’s campaign sought rights for women to control their own physical destinies. This paper analyzes three documents— including excerpts fromRead MoreThe Birth Control Of Women1501 Words   |  7 Pagesdoors to spaces where women weren’t allowed prior. A person controlling their own fertility is an essential component of creating economic security, limiting unwanted pregnancies, and creating healthier families. There are many new options for contraception for women today, but the pill was the original catalyst in the United States for women claiming control over their fertility, career, and overall health status. The concept of family planning can be traced back to a nurse, sex educator, and politicalRead MoreEugenics and Planned Parenthood Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pages When one contemplates the concept of eugenics, few think of modern contraception and abortion when in reality they are one in the same. The American Eugenics Society, founded in 1923, proudly proclaimed that men with incurable â€Å"conditions† should be sterilized. However these conditions were often none that could be helped, such as, one’s intelligence, race, and social class (Schweikart and Allen 529-532). The purpose of the society was to create the perfect class of men; elite in allRead MoreSex Education Is The Teaching Of Issues1048 Words   |  5 Pagescorrect option of sexual expression for teenagers. Abstinence Only Until marriage that â€Å"teaches abstinence as the only morally correct option of sexual expression for unmarried young people. Abstinence Plus Programs which teach infor mation about contraception and condoms in the context of strong abstinence messages.Comprehensive sexuality education teaches about abstinence as the best method for avoiding STDs and unintended pregnancy, but also teaches about condoms and contraception to reduce the

Clinical Case Conference Report

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Case Conference Report. Answer: Introduction This is a clinical case conference report of a patient who is 51 years of age who has been admitted to the hospital with the chief complaints of severe headache, blurred vision and vomiting and a diagnosis of Astrocytoma. Prior to admission, the patient had a very supportive family as he lived with his wife and two children and his relatives visited him often. At the time of admission, he needed a little bit of assistance with his daily life activities but presently, he is no more independent. He needs nursing care with sling lifter, suffering from a stage 4 sacral ulcer and has got VRE. Apart from this, he has the past medical history of lung fungal infection, high cholesterol, UTI, high blood pressure, chronic back pain, B-cell lymphoma and diabetes type 2. This report will explore the medical condition of the patient and consider the assessment of his pathophysiology, nursing interventions, medications, problem evaluation and nurse to patient-specific education. Case Management Presently, the patient has been diagnosed with the pathophysiological condition of astrocytoma along with severe headache, blurred vision and vomiting. Astrocytoma is a type of brain cancer that originates in the cerebrum in star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes. This tumor does not tend to spread out of the spinal cord and brain and does not affect other organs. It is the commonly occurring form of glial tumor and can appear on several parts of the nervous system and the brain that includes cerebrum, cerebellum and other central parts of the brain, spinal cord and the brainstem. The exact pathogenesis of the tumor is unknown like many other types of tumors (Wick et al. 2012). As symptoms of the diagnosis, severe headache with vomiting and blurred vision occurred. Along with this, he needs the management of some of his chronic problems like subdural hemorrhage, VRE, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes and chronic back pain. Since the patient is suffering from astrocyt oma, it aggravated his other chronic problems. Clinical assessment using a system based approach like ISBAR can be used to explain the relationship of nursing management with medical management. Since the patient is suffering from astrocytoma, he is having severe headache as a symptom for which analgesic medication like paracetamol has been prescribed. Apart from this, nursing intervention like setting the administration of narcotics can be done with the rationale of providing sedative effect and elimination of anxiety and discomfort. The involvement of interdisciplinary teams of healthcare professionals like social worker, psychologist, palliative team, nurses and dietician is essential as each team member contributes their unique expertise. It is also required to overlap their professional skills and practice areas for providing seamless care coordination in a complex situation of astrocytoma to minimize morbidity, optimize survival and maximize the quality of life. Primary healthcare strategies for astrocytoma include operativ e intervention by the application of radiation therapy and chemotherapy (Jones et al. 2013). The primary strategies are decided by the team of professionals involved in the care process and include input from the concerned neurologist and oncologists. For the nursing management of his chronic back pain, the lumbar flexion can be improved by changing the sleeping position and encouraging him for bed rest. Assessment of his standing and moving posture by the nurse can also help in the management of his chronic back pain. For the nursing management of his diabetes type 2, encouragement of physical activity and enteral nutrition support are provided for improving his functionality and dependence and for providing diet that is low in carbohydrate and high in monounsaturated fat for improving his quality of life. Medical management and treatments described for the patient include pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments with pain management for his pathophysiological condition. Considering his present diagnostic condition of astrocytoma and other problems like subdural hemorrhage, diabetes, chronic back pain, UTI and other problems, he has been prescribed medications like Enoxaparin, Dexamethasone, Enoxaparin, Novorapid, Paracetamol, Fentanyl, Vancomycin and other medications respectively for management of the problem and the side effects emerging out of the medications. This is evident from the prescribing of the medications Movicol and Coloxyl Senna as they are the laxatives and has been prescribed for the management of constipation occurring out of the medication side effects like antibiotics. This is the pharmacological management provided for pain and discomfort. For the non-pharmacological management of astrocytoma, mechanical thromboprophylaxis is an effective tool to reduce bleeding as the patient is also suffering from subdural hemorrhage. Foot pump devices, intermittent pneumatic compression and graded elastic stockings are other non-pharmacological measures for the management of astrocytoma (Fontebasso et al. 2014). For cancer-related pain, muscle relaxation, diaphragmatic breathing and guided imagery are the preferred non-pharmacological treatment and for the management of his chronic back pain, behavioral therapy can be effective for short-term pain management and as an adjunctive therapy, hypnosis can be used. For his diabetes 2, stress management, physical activity and diet are the preferred non-pharmacological treatment (J?wiak, Nabbout and Curatolo 2013). The relevant diagnostic tests for astrocytoma include physical examination and along with that several other methods can be employed like biopsy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scan. Biopsy can definite the diagnoses of tumor while the other two types can suggest the presence of a tumor. The diagnosis of chronic back pain will include physical exam that will be followed by CT scan, X-rays and MRI. MRI can be the most effective way to determine the damage of the pinched nerve and disk compared to X-rays and CT scan (Center et al. 2012). For his diabetes type 2, glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test, oral glucose tolerance test, fasting blood sugar test and random blood sugar test will be included (Inzucchi et al. 2012). Screening tests can be included for the patient that will include initial glucose challenge test and follow-up glucose tolerance test. Apart from these diagnostic tests, other tests will be carried out for determining his other medical complicat ions that include rectal swabs or urine and stool samples for VRE, lipid profile tests for high cholesterol and a pressure measuring gauge for measuring the blood pressure. Psychosocial, environmental and economic aspects can be discussed concerning the patient condition since he is suffering from a number of complications apart from astrocytoma. With such a burden of diseases, the patient will undergo a number of medical procedures during his stay in hospital. Therefore, psychosocial support has to be provided to the patient to avoid the stress of the treatment and diagnostic procedures and make him realize the meaning of the results of the tests. This will lessen the psychological pressure on the aged patient and aid him with emotional support (Johnson and Galanis 2014). Environmental aspects can be the root cause of the burden of disease for the patient and therefore, it is advised that a healthy environment has to be provided to the patient for his quick recovery. The key areas of risk have to be identified and eliminated since the patient is suffering from VRE, he should be provided with a protective environment to control the further growth of the disease. Since the treatment of such a large number of diseases can be another economical burden on the patient and his family, it can be reduced by avoiding the developing of the diseases like sacral ulcer by effective nursing management by constant changing of his sleeping posture and maintaining a moist environment (Strowd et al. 2016). Ethical aspects included, in this case, will be to make the treatment cost-effective and maximize the health benefits with the provision of limited resources. The patient should be discussed with his prognosis and diagnosis, his quality of life should be monitored during and after the procedure of treatment and there should be respect for non-maleficence, beneficence, justice and autonomy (Frederickson and Ghere 2013). The legal aspects can be stated as according to the common and statute law of Australia, the confidentiality and privacy of the medical information of a patient should be well maintained. This is particularly important in this case as the patient is suffering from many diseases and a multidisciplinary team of professionals is involved in the care management of the patient. The Health Services Act 1988 states that disclosing of the patient information is strictly prohibited that leads to his identification unless he has committed an offense under the law (Legislation.vi c.gov.au 2016). Education needs of the patient and the family will include a detailed description of his complications by the nurse including astrocytoma along with any relevant grouping or classification, associated symptoms, diagnostic tests and the treatment guidelines. The family will be provided with the education materials and education regarding care providing at home after discharge. Nurse to patient-specific education will also include the guidance on his activities of daily living where he needs assistance as he has lost his independence post his admission to the hospital (Bastable 2016). Discharge planning will include considering him to get admitted in a nursing home or hospice as the patient is in need of active treatment like transfusion. Since he requires the support of three persons with his sling lifter, it would not be safe for him to return to his home. Therefore, the factors like available assistance, architectural barriers, quality of life and availability of home therapy has to be considered while planning his discharge. As the patient is not safe physically or cognitively and there is no assistance available at his home, facility with assisted living has to be planned on discharge (Altfeld et al. 2013). Hospice can be preferable for the patient as his prognosis is poor and it can provide him with tremendous support for the patient and his family for improving his quality of life. Evidence for Current Practice The patient presented with the diagnosis of astrocytoma along with several other complications like subdural hemorrhage, chronic back pain, diabetes type 2, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and VRE. Apart from this, he was having sacral ulcer stage 4 and complaints of severe headache and vomiting with blurred vision. For these complaints, he has been provided with the necessary pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions and discharge plans have been prepared. However, there are several research findings that are relevant to the case management. Few of the critical complications like astrocytoma, chronic back pain and diabetes type 2 will be selected and associated with the research findings for critiquing the provided management and suggesting alternative management. Ouyang et al. (2014) carried out a research work that discussed the present and future of the management of astrocytoma. The research work is relevant to the case management of the patient as it focused on medication and surgery and for the patient, medications were prescribed for management of the disease. The article also expressed the various parameters of the disease that were in alignment with the clinical condition of the patient and its subsequent management. Kahn, Cooper Del Prato (2014) carried out a similar study to explore the treatment and pathophysiology of diabetes type 2 and this has resemblance with the present case of the patient as it discussed the treatment procedure which was similar to that of the patient. Novorapid is the insulin analog that has been prescribed to the patient and the article also discussed about the potential benefits for the using insulin as the frontline treatment of diabetes type 2. Gatchel et al. (2014) carried out a similar research work f or discussing the aspects of chronic pain management and it had relevance to the case of the patient as it suggested interdisciplinary therapy for pain management and the patient was also provided with a multidisciplinary team for managing his pain and discomfort due to the burden of a number of diseases. The management and care provided to the patient can be compared and critiqued with the research finding and best practice that has been included in the literature. For astrocytoma, the research finding by Ouyang et al. (2014) stated that surgical management is the standard treatment procedure for the disease whereas, the patient has been prescribed with medications like Enoxaparin, Filgrastim and Dexamethasone. Pharmacological management of astrocytoma has been proposed by mTOR inhibitors like everolimus and sirolimus in the research finding for maximum therapeutic benefits but the patient has not been prescribed these medications for his management of the disease. Since the mTOR inhibitors have been proved to be potentially beneficial for the treatment of astrocytoma, prescribing them could have been considerably reduced the burden of the diseases that the patient is suffering from. So, it can be stated that there have been deviations in the management of astrocytoma of the patient when compared to the best practice provided in the literature. A similar finding has been derived from the research literature by Kahn, Cooper Del Prato (2014) for the management of diabetes 2 of the patient where the researchers have found that the second generation sulfonylurea antidiabetics like Gliclazide, Glibenclamide and Glipizide can be equally effective as insulin. Although the researchers have proposed insulin as the first line of therapy for diabetes 2, it has several side effects like hypoglycemia, neuropsychological impairment, ocular disturbance and lipohypertrophy. These can be avoided with the use of the proposed medications of the researchers that can act to reduce the disease burden effectively, without adding up the side effects of insulin with the administration of Novorapid. Keeping in tune with the research findings, Gatchel et al. (2014) has described chronic pain as a costly and significant problem and considering the economic aspects of the patient, it can be stated that he is a huge burden of expenditure due to the treatment of the large number of diseases that he is suffering from. For providing cost effective treatment of his chronic back pain, the authors have proposed interdisciplinary programs of pain management considering the social, psychological and physiological factors including family, cognitions and medications. However, in the present case, although there has been an involvement of the multidisciplinary team for his treatment and medications has been provided, incorporation of the psychological parameters like attention, behavior, emotions and cognitions can improve his pain without adding up to the extra cost. The nurse will be required to play an integral role in the process by monitoring and evaluating the treatment outcomes and maintaining effective communication with the treatment team. There have been these deviations when the best practice was compared and critiqued with the nursing care and management of the pat ient. Apart from the treatment procedures adopted in the research literature, several other options can be suggested for the alternative management or nursing care of the patient. Corticosteroid therapy can be effective in the management of astrocytoma and medical therapies can be complimented with the application of biobehavioral nursing interventions (Seyfried et al. 2012). Alternative approaches of taking Chromium, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Aloe Vera and Cinnamon can significantly control the diabetes type 2 of the patient and the nurse educators are expected to provide appropriate guidance to the patient regarding these alternative therapies (Ley et al. 2014). Chiropractic manipulation can be an effective alternative for the management of chronic back pain and the nurses providing physical and psycho-social support to the patient can add up to the procedure (Chaparro et al. 2014). Conclusion From the case, it is evident that the patient is under a huge burden of several diseases that requires effective management and nursing care. An effective clinical case conference report will aid to understand the case of the patient better and find out the gap in the present treatment regime. Filling up of the gap by the management strategy from the research findings can help to support the multidisciplinary team with the easy management of the diseases and provide psychosocial and economic support to the patient. The ethical and legal aspects have to be considered to provide effective treatment and support to the patient and his family within the permitted regulations by the Australian authority of healthcare. This report identified several crucial aspects that can effectively modify the treatment procedure and efficiency of the patient. References Altfeld, S.J., Shier, G.E., Rooney, M., Johnson, T.J., Golden, R.L., Karavolos, K., Avery, E., Nandi, V. and Perry, A.J., 2013. Effects of an enhanced discharge planning intervention for hospitalized older adults: a randomized trial.The Gerontologist,53(3), pp.430-440. Bastable, S.B., 2016.Essentials of patient education. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Center, C., Relief, P., Covington, L.A. and Parr, A.T., 2012. Caudal epidural injections in the management of chronic low back pain: a systematic appraisal of the literature.Pain Physician,15, pp.E159-E198. Chaparro, L.E., Furlan, A.D., Deshpande, A., Mailis-Gagnon, A., Atlas, S. and Turk, D.C., 2014. Opioids compared with placebo or other treatments for chronic low back pain: an update of the Cochrane Review.Spine,39(7), pp.556-563. Fontebasso, A.M., Papillon-Cavanagh, S., Schwartzentruber, J., Nikbakht, H., Gerges, N., Fiset, P.O., Bechet, D., Faury, D., De Jay, N., Ramkissoon, L.A. and Corcoran, A., 2014. Recurrent somatic mutations in ACVR1 in pediatric midline high-grade astrocytoma.Nature genetics,46(5), pp.462-466. Frederickson, H.G. and Ghere, R.K., 2013.Ethics in public management. ME Sharpe. Gatchel, R.J., McGeary, D.D., McGeary, C.A. Lippe, B. 2014, "Interdisciplinary chronic pain management: past, present, and future",The American psychologist,vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 119-130. Inzucchi, S.E., Bergenstal, R.M., Buse, J.B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., Peters, A.L., Tsapas, A., Wender, R. and Matthews, D.R., 2012. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).Diabetes care,35(6), pp.1364-1379. Johnson, D.R. and Galanis, E., 2014, August. Medical management of high-grade astrocytoma: current and emerging therapies. InSeminars in oncology(Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 511-522). WB Saunders. Jones, D.T., Hutter, B., Jger, N., Korshunov, A., Kool, M., Warnatz, H.J., Zichner, T., Lambert, S.R., Ryzhova, M., Quang, D.A.K. and Fontebasso, A.M., 2013. Recurrent somatic alterations of FGFR1 and NTRK2 in pilocytic astrocytoma.Nature genetics,45(8), pp.927-932. J?wiak, S., Nabbout, R. and Curatolo, P., 2013. Management of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): clinical recommendations.european journal of paediatric neurology,17(4), pp.348-352. Kahn, S.E., Cooper, M.E. Del Prato, S. 2014, "Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future",Lancet (London, England),vol. 383, no. 9922, pp. 1068-1083. Ley, S.H., Hamdy, O., Mohan, V. and Hu, F.B., 2014. Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies.The Lancet,383(9933), pp.1999-2007. Ouyang, T., Zhang, N., Benjamin, T., Wang, L., Jiao, J., Zhao, Y. Chen, J. 2014, "Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma: current concepts, management, and future directions",Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery,vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 561. Seyfried, T.N., Marsh, J., Shelton, L.M., Huysentruyt, L.C. and Mukherjee, P., 2012. Is the restricted ketogenic diet a viable alternative to the standard of care for managing malignant brain cancer?.Epilepsy research,100(3), pp.310-326. Strowd, R.E., Abuali, I., Ye, X., Lu, Y. and Grossman, S.A., 2016. The role of temozolomide in the management of patients with newly diagnosed anaplastic astrocytoma: a comparison of survival in the era prior to and following the availability of temozolomide.Journal of neuro-oncology,127(1), pp.165-171. Victorian Legislation and Parliamentary Documents. (2016).Legislation.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 8 November 2016, from https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/ Wick, W., Platten, M., Meisner, C., Felsberg, J., Tabatabai, G., Simon, M., Nikkhah, G., Papsdorf, K., Steinbach, J.P., Sabel, M. and Combs, S.E., 2012. Temozolomide chemotherapy alone versus radiotherapy alone for malignant astrocytoma in the elderly: the NOA-08 randomised, phase 3 trial.The lancet oncology,13(7), pp.707-715.

To Earthward By Robert Frost Essays - Aesthetics, Poetic Form

To Earthward By Robert Frost English IV AP February 2000 To Earthward Robert Frost's To Earthward is an intimate lyric in which an old man reflects upon his passionate experiences with love as a youth and the lack of such experiences in his old age. Through diction, imagery and structure, the tone of the speaker changes from one of gentle nostalgia to resentment toward the ephemeral nature of love. The entire poem, which consists of eight quatrains, adheres to a structure of six syllables in the first three lines of a quatrain and four syllables in the last line. Also throughout the colloquial piece are external rhymes, which are sometimes imperfect, but are used to keep the steady rhythm. This use of diction and structure makes the poem seem more universal. The speaker's situation is one that we all will experience someday. Alliteration is for emphasize in bitter bark/ And burning clove (23-24) and stiff and sore and scarred (25). The alliteration of harsh B and blunt S sounds accentuate the speaker's discontent with the dispassionate state of his current way of life. In the first four quatrains the speaker is reminiscing about his experiences with love in his youth. He recalls how little it took to enchant him and that love at the lips was touch/ as sweet as I could bear (1-2) for in his youth love had seemed extremely intense. Vivid descriptions create a vibrant and fragrant image of his early love as a musk/ From hidden grapevine springs/ Downhill at dusk (6-8) that made him feel as though he would swirl and ache/ From sprays of honeysuckle/ That when they're gathered shake/ Dew on the knuckle (9-12). But the image of a rose petal that stings in lines 15-16 begins the speaker's diversion toward resentment. He implies that the joyful aspects of love are so intense because of the pain and tension that accompany love. Now that he is old, the speaker feels the need to live passionately before he dies. He no longer fears the pain that accompanies love because he desperately longs for the intense love he experienced as a youth. He crave(s) the stain/ Of tears, the aftermark/ Of almost too much love (21-22) because he did not appreciate the transient nature of love until too late in his life. He is left to pound on the ground (his future resting-place), resentful that his longing for love will never be as intense as the experience of love itself. Poetry and Poets

Jose Rizal, National Hero of the Philippines

Jose Rizal, National Hero of the Philippines Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal (June 19,  1861–December 30,  1896) was a man of incredible intellectual power and amazing artistic talent. He excelled at anything that he put his mind to- medicine, poetry, sketching, architecture, sociology, and more. Rizals martyrdom by the Spanish colonial authorities, while he was still quite young, was a huge loss to ​the Philippines and to the world at large. Today, the people of the Philippines honor him as their national hero. Fast Facts: Josà © Rizal Known For: National hero of the Philippines for his key role inspiring and leading the Philippine Revolution against colonial SpainBorn: June 19, 1861 at Calamba, LagunaParents: Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y QuintosDied: December 30, 1896 in Barcelona, SpainEducation: Ateneo Municipal de Manila, studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas and medicine and philosophy at the  Universidad Central de Madrid (1884); ophthalmology at the University of Paris and the University of HeidelbergPublished Works: Noli Me Tangere, El FilibusterismoSpouse(s): Josephine Bracken (married two hours before his death)Children: None Early Life Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, at Calamba, Laguna, the seventh child of Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos. They named the boy Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda. The Mercado family were wealthy farmers who rented land from the Dominican religious order. Descendants of a Chinese immigrant named Domingo Lam-co, they changed their name to Mercado (market) under the pressure of anti-Chinese feeling among the Spanish colonizers. From an early age, Jose Rizal Mercado showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his mother at the age of 3 and could read and write at age 5. Education Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal Mercado attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, graduating at the age of 16 with the highest honors. He took a post-graduate course there in land surveying. Rizal Mercado completed his surveyors training in 1877 and passed the licensing exam in May 1878, but he could not receive a license to practice because he was only 17 years old. (He was eventually granted a license in 1881 when he reached the age of majority.) In 1878, the young man also enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas as a medical student. He later quit the school, alleging discrimination against Filipino students by the Dominican professors. In Madrid In May 1882, Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal got on a ship to Spain without informing his parents of his intentions. He enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid after arriving. In June 1884, he received his medical degree at the age of 23; the following year, he also graduated from the Philosophy and Letters department. Inspired by his mothers advancing blindness, Rizal next went to the University of Paris and then to the University of Heidelberg to complete further study in the field of ophthalmology. At Heidelberg, he studied under the famed professor Otto Becker. Rizal finished his second doctorate at Heidelberg in 1887. Rizals Life in Europe Jose Rizal lived in Europe for 10 years. During that time, he picked up a number of languages- he could converse in more than 10 different tongues. While in Europe, the young Filipino impressed everyone who met him with his charm, intelligence, and his mastery of an incredible range of different fields of study. Rizal excelled at martial arts, fencing, sculpture, painting, teaching, anthropology, and journalism, among other things. During his European sojourn, he also began to write novels. Rizal finished his first book, Noli Me Tangere, while living in Wilhemsfeld with the Reverend Karl Ullmer. Novels and Other Works Rizal wrote Noli Me Tangere in Spanish; it was published in 1887 in Berlin. The novel is a scathing indictment of the Catholic Church and Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, and its publication cemented Jose Rizals position on the Spanish colonial governments list of troublemakers. When Rizal returned home for a visit, he received a summons from the Governor General and had to defend himself from charges of disseminating subversive ideas. Although the Spanish governor accepted Rizals explanations, the Catholic Church was less willing to forgive. In 1891, Rizal published a sequel, titled El Filibusterismo. Program of Reforms In both his novels and newspaper editorials, Jose Rizal called for a number of reforms of the Spanish colonial system in the Philippines. He advocated for freedom of speech and assembly, equal rights before the law for Filipinos, and Filipino priests in place of the often-corrupt Spanish churchmen. In addition, Rizal called for the Philippines to become a province of Spain, with representation in the Spanish legislature (the Cortes Generales). Rizal never called for independence for the Philippines. Nonetheless, the colonial government considered him a dangerous radical and declared him an enemy of the state. Exile and Courtship In 1892, Rizal returned to the Philippines. He was almost immediately accused of being involved in the brewing rebellion  and was exiled to Dapitan City, on the island of Mindanao. Rizal would stay there for four years, teaching school and encouraging agricultural reforms. During that same period, the people of the Philippines grew more eager to revolt against the Spanish colonial presence. Inspired in part by Rizals organization La Liga, rebel leaders like Andres Bonifacio began to press for military action against the Spanish regime. In Dapitan, Rizal met and fell in love with Josephine Bracken, who brought her stepfather to him for a cataract operation. The couple applied for a marriage license but were denied by the Church (which had excommunicated Rizal). Trial and Execution The Philippine Revolution broke out in 1896. Rizal denounced the violence  and received permission to travel to Cuba in order to tend victims of yellow fever in exchange for his freedom. Bonifacio and two associates sneaked aboard the ship to Cuba before it left the Philippines and tried to convince Rizal to escape with them, but Rizal refused. He was arrested by the Spanish on the way, taken to Barcelona, and then extradited to Manila for trial. Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal was tried by court-martial and charged with conspiracy, sedition, and rebellion. Despite a lack of any evidence of his complicity in the Revolution, Rizal was convicted on all counts and given a death sentence. He was allowed to marry Josephine two hours before his execution by firing squad on December 30, 1896. Jose Rizal was just 35 years old. Legacy Mariano Sayno / Getty Images Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal is remembered today throughout the Philippines for his brilliance, courage, peaceful resistance to tyranny, and his compassion. Filipino schoolchildren study his final literary work, a poem called Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Goodbye), and his two famous novels. Spurred on by Rizals martyrdom, the Philippine Revolution continued until 1898. With assistance from the United States, the Philippine archipelago was able to defeat the Spanish army. The Philippines declared its independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. It was the first democratic republic in Asia. Sources de Ocampo, Estaban A. Dr. Jose Rizal, Father of Filipino Nationalism. Journal of Southeast Asian History 3.1 (1962): 44-55.Rizal, Josà ©. One Hundred Letters of Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal. Manila: Philippine National Historical Society, 1959.Valenzuela, Maria Theresa. Constructing National Heroes: Postcolonial Philippine and Cuban Biographies of Josà © Rizal and Josà © Martà ­. Biography 37.3 (2014): 745-61.

Commodity Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Commodity Trade - Essay Example Topic Page No. Figure 1. China Imports and its Trends from year 1980-2007 5 Figure 2. China Exports and its Trends from year 1980-2007 5 Figure 3. China net trade of rice, wheat and corn, 1961-2008 6 Figure 4 China’s Grain Exports from 2008-2010 7 Figure 5 Grain Consumption in China 8 Figure 6 Global Grain Prices 11 1. Introduction: There was a time three decades ago when China had a negligible role in the world trade. However, the situation has significantly altered over the years and now the country has improved its performance and is considered as one of the largest exporters in the world. The country also imports considerably products like raw materials, halfway contributions, and others. The growth of the country in the recent years with respect to trade has created significant challenges for the other countries in the world. Demands of materials in the country has significant impacts on the other countries that has also been felt with the deceleration in China’s i ndustrial production in the middle of the 2008-2009 global economic crisis contributing to a remarkable collapse in the prices of commodities (Feenstra & Wei, 2009, p.1). In the present times, there has been a steep rise in the prices of the different commodities. Considering commodities like the grains, rise in demand has been experienced with the rising incomes in countries like India and China. Several factors associated with the trade policies of the country can be realized to have significant effects on the imports and exports of grains. The production of grains including wheat, flour, rice, and others are largely dependent on the world market that is associated with a country’s imports and exports (Ensuring the UK’s Food Security in a Changing World, 2008). The present study reflects on the emerging nations participating in the global financial markets through import and export mechanisms and thus having an impact on the commodities. In this case China has been c onsidered and grains have been chosen as the commodity for the purpose of the study on the impact of the country’s imports and exports on the commodity. 1.1. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study is to understand the impacts of the trade policies of emerging nations on different commodities considering China as the nation and grains as the commodity. 1.2. Objectives: In order to achieve the aim of the study, the following objectives have been considered: To learn about the trade policies- imports and exports- of China, considering grains as the commodity chosen for the study. To discuss about the major importers and exporters of grain. To learn about the international price of grains and their agricultural policies in the market. To try to determine the impacts of China’s participation in global financial markets through exports and imports on the grains commodity. 2. China Imports and Exports: An Overview: Over the recent years, the imports and exports of China have increased with the total value of the exports and imports being recorded as USD 2.174 trillion in the year 2007. The total value of imports has been recorded at USD 956 billion in 2007 that reflected an increase of 25 percent on a yearly average. This has been possible owing to the living standards of the citizens of the country being rising over the years (China import and export trends, 2011). The imports and trends of the country can be represented through the following graph: Figure 1: China Imports and its Trends from year

Infection control and prevention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Infection control and prevention - Essay Example Insertion of central venous catheters (CVCs) has become commonplace in the peri-operative and intensive care setting. Over the years, they have played a reliable role in patient care for haemodynamic management, patent intravenous access in patients suffering from chronic illnesses and administration of parenteral nutrition and other chemotherapeutic agents. The three sites that are utilized for central venous catheter insertion are internal jugular, subclavian and femoral. Although, like any other medical intervention, these catheters have their own share of complications, it is the risk of infection, which has the most serious clinical and economic repercussions for the patient, physician and health care facility with high morbidity and mortality.One survey determined that central lines are associated with more than 40% of blood stream infections in England. Thus, it is imperative that strict infection control measures are enforced during the care of CVCs. Risk of infection in peri -operative setting would depend upon whether the CVC is kept in situ for a long time or it is removed post surgery. Otherwise, rest of the discussion about CRBSI is applicable to ICU as well as peri-operative setting. Definition and diagnosis of CRBSI Catheter related blood stream infection (CRBSI) is a type of hospital acquired infection which is clinically defined as fungemia or bacteremia in a patient with CVC in situ, as shown by positive blood culture from a peripheral vein, along with clinical signs of infection, but no other apparent source for positive blood culture. ... , or, blood sample from a peripheral vein and sample drawn from the catheter hub (IDSA 2012)) Risk of CRBSI in perioperative and ICU setting Many factors have been investigated for the role that they are likely to play in the development of these infections. The factors which have been most commonly scrutinized for their role in causation of CRBSI are: Selection of the type of catheter: single lumen catheters have a lower incidence of CRBSI than multiple lumen, antimicrobial impregnated catheters preferred in centres with high rates of CRBSI or prolonged requirement of CVC (reference no.23), role of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) the site of CVC insertion: Subclavian most preferred, femoral least preferred hand hygiene: technique should be accurately followed aseptic precautions and skin preparation followed during insertion: use of gloves and barrier precautions, skin preparation with chlorhexidine in alcoholic solution nature and material of the dressing applied ov er the insertion site antibiotic ointment systemic antibiotic prophylaxis antimicrobial flush and lock solutions anticoagulant flush replacement of CVCs Replacement of IV administration sets handling of the CVC port by nursing and other health care staff USG guidance at the time of insertion Various studies and clinical trials support or contradict these factors. Also, there are evidence based practices and interventions based on these related factors and derived from the existing knowledge about infection control, which, when diligently followed in ICUs and other health care settings, have demonstrated a decrease in the rate of development of CRBSI (National Institute for Clinical Excellence 2003, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee 2011). Pathogenesis of Catheter

The Comprehensive And Flat Tax System Economics Essay

The Comprehensive And Flat Tax System Economics Essay The comprehensive income tax system in its ideal form enjoys a good reputation due to the structure which is based on the ability to pay principle. In general this principle points out that taxpayers with the same low level of income are taxed at the same rate and the ones with higher income are taxed heavier. 4 What makes this taxation system even more attractive to countries is that due to the equalization of capital and labour income, there is no interest in income shifting. This would be a so called tax arbitrage profit. That means it is more profitable to transform labour income into capital income and pay less taxes due to the different tax burden between labour and capital income. 4 2.1.2 Disadvantages of the comprehensive tax system 4 2.2 Flat Tax 5 2.2.1 Advantages of the flat tax system 5 2.2.2 Disadvantage of the flat tax system 5 Introduction In this Paper I will discuss the so called dual income tax. This system is considered to be one of the most auspicious taxation alternatives to existing taxation systems. This paper is build up in three big chapters. Firstly I will describe the environment of the actual taxation systems. On the one hand there is the system which is used in almost all European countries, the so called comprehensive personal income tax. And on the other hand the flat tax system, which can be found in the Este-European countries. Secondly I will point out more accurately the development of the Dual income tax system with its mayor advantages and disadvantages. Finally I will draw my personal conclusion to the dual income taxation system, its possibilities and future evolution. The major objectives of the taxation system in a country are clearly to earn as much tax affordable to obtain a solid and running state. This aim is collateral with the idea that everybody pays the amount of taxes one has to pay according to the ability to pay principle. Therefore leave as little as possible chances to cheat. Aligned with this aim the system should have two additional targets, fairness and simplicity. Fairness as a basis requires a system to be fair in the way that people with same income should be taxed in the same way. Simplicity should make taxpaying as easy and efficient as possible. This means in an ideal world there would be no exceptions or special tax treatments. Through globalization, easier and faster communication, many people start to find more and more possibilities to optimize their tax expenditures. This, for example is possible by investing in foreign countries causing harm to the own. As a consequence of missing tax income and loosing the possibility to keep up the states standards, a change in form of a reform is unavoidable. There are as many possibilities as there are countries on earth to reform a taxation system, by raising / lowering taxes or changing the whole system to become more attractive again. I will now present 3 exemplary systems. The comprehensive tax system The comprehensive income tax system also known by other synonyms as global income tax, unitary income tax or synthetic income tax is the most used taxation system in western European countries. It has got its name due to the fact that all income types are seen as a one and therefore are added together and taxed as one whole income. In Germany it was installed in the late 1950, and since then has been subjected of many changes from its original form. It was seen as the ideal tax system in Europe because in its original form it could align fully with the ability to pay principle and to both tasks of simplicity and fairness. This method is composed as a system which adds together all the taxpayers income (from labor, capital, rent and business) in a single measure and taxes it with a single progressive tax. Labour income is usually defined as income earned from activities as an employed individual. Capital income can take a variety of forms such as dividends, interests, income from real estate and to add further complications capital income is not always from a single organization, but can come from pension funds, life insurance companies, corporations, banks etc. Business income is income earned out of entrepreneurial activities. Normally the minimum subsistence level remains tax free. Income surpassing this minimum level is typically taxed on a progressive scale. For example in Germany it starts with a tax rate of 15% and ends up as high as 50%. Losses of one income type can be offset with gains from other sources. One tax rate will then be applied on the taxpayers total income (Synthetic taxation system). The idea behind the comprehensive tax scale is the assumption that someone with higher income is able not only in absolute but also in relative numbers to pay a higher share of his earnings to the government. This is by the majority of the most western cultures felt as a fair distribution of the tax burden also called tax fairness. This is the reason why there is a progressive tax table lying behind this structure. 2.1.1 Advantages of the comprehensive tax system The comprehensive income tax system in its ideal form enjoys a good reputation due to the structure which is based on the ability to pay principle. In general this principle points out that taxpayers with the same low level of income are taxed at the same rate and the ones with higher income are taxed heavier. What makes this taxation system even more attractive to countries is that due to the equalization of capital and labour income, there is no interest in income shifting. This would be a so called tax arbitrage profit. That means it is more profitable to transform labour income into capital income and pay less taxes due to the different tax burden between labour and capital income. 2.1.2 Disadvantages of the comprehensive tax system Although this taxation system seems to be clear and easy, when installed and worked with there are always specialties and exceptions. These treatments were implemented during many years and destroyed the purity of the comprehensive system. The special treatments came along with a high amount of administrative costs and a loss of the simplicity. The possibility of the capital income to become negative and be cleared with the labour income is just one example. This even can be seen in the tax declaration. Hardly anybody is capable to hand in a correct tax declaration without concerning a tax accountant. All countries with the comprehensive taxation system implied special tax treatment for a particular type of income (e.g. pensions, capital gains or lottery wins) to grant a tax relieve. But there is no systematic reason that for example lottery wins stay completely income tax free in Germany. Theoretically the State should levy taxes to generate income for funding its public tasks, as production public goods (eg. Schools, streets). It should not use the taxation system to channel the spending and investment behaviour of its citizens and tax payers. By doing so the systematic foundation, the justification and the acceptance of the comprehensive taxation system gets lost. The maximum rate should in no case surpass the 50% level because it is perceived as unfair from the tax payers when more than half of the money earned has to be transferred to the government. Some decades ago Sweden had a maximum tax rate of 90% with the consequence that people had no incentive anymore to generate income and tried to transfer their income stream to foreign countries. This effect is described as a so called Laffer curve. (It is used to illustrate the concept of  Taxable Income Elasticity  (that  taxable income  will change in response to changes in the rate of taxation). The curve is constructed by  thought experiment. First, the amount of tax revenue raised at the extreme tax rates of 0% and 100% is considered. It is clear that a 0% tax rate raises no revenue, but the Laffer curve hypothesis is that a 100% tax rate will also generate no revenue because at such a rate there is no longer any incentive for a rational taxpayer to earn any income, thus the revenue raised will be 100% of nothing. If both a 0% rate and 100% rate of taxation generate no revenue, it follows that  there must exist  a rate in between where tax revenue would be a maximu m. The Laffer curve is typically represented as a stylized graph which starts at 0% tax, zero revenue, rises to a maximum rate of revenue raised at an intermediate rate of taxation and then falls again to zero revenue at a 100% tax rate. One potential result of the Laffer curve is that increasing tax rates beyond a certain point will become counterproductive for raising further tax revenue because of diminishing returns.) 2.2 Flat Tax An alternative to the just described global tax system is the so called flat tax system. Herewith a flat proportional taxation for all net income types, capital, labour and other income is installed. This taxation system does not consider the taxpayers ability to pay taxes but sets a flat level for all income types. Some east European countries (Russia and Slovakia) have installed this taxation system. Russia replaced its progressive taxation system with a single flat tax rate of 13%. (Under a pure flat tax without deductions, companies could simply, every period, make a single payment to the government covering the flat tax liabilities of their employees and the taxes owed on their business income.  For example, suppose that in a given year, ACME earns a profit of 3 million, pays 2 million in salaries, and spends an added 1 million on other expenses the IRS deems to be taxable income, such as stock options, bonuses, and certain executive privileges. Given a flat rate of 15%, ACME would then owe the IRS (3M + 2M + 1M) x0.15 = 900,000. This payment would, in one fell swoop, settle the tax liabilities of ACMEs employees as well as taxes it owed by being a firm. Most employees throughout the economy would never need to interact with the revenue authorities, as all tax owed on wages, interest, dividends, royalties, etc. would be withheld at the source.) 2.2.1 Advantages of the flat tax system Aim of this taxation method is to gain a very simplified and transparent Tax system. Those who perceive the comprehensive taxation system with its progressive effects as unfair often are in favor of a flat tax system and claim it to be fairer to apply the same tax rate to all income sources and amounts. Because there is only one tax rate for all income, the administration costs are definitely lower and there is a balance between lower tax and lower cost. Additionally every taxpayer can easily calculate his taxes due which are usually not the case in the very complex progressive taxation system. After Russia installed the flat tax the real revenues from its Personal Income Tax rose by 25.2%, 24.6% and 15.2% in the first three years. 2.2.2 Disadvantage of the flat tax system Despite all the Pro arguments the problem of the flat taxation system is that hardly any country could keep it as a fully flat income tax system due to too many special tax treatments. Because everybody has to pay the same percentage of his total income the ability of pay performance is not considered or minded. This is the biggest contra argument of the flat tax system. It only seems to be a fair system but leaves only a small to no gap for a fair sharing of the tax burden. For many people it is not convincing why rich people should only pay as much as the poorer. And therefore it can hardly survive. In Addition to fairness another adverse point is the fact of the pure flat tax system that the government loses its power to steer the investing behavior. So if it would be of interest to support the private pension reserves, a deduction of capital income taxes on these payments is not possible. The Dual Income Tax Development of the Dual Income Tax (DIT) system The Dual Income Tax (DIT) is a combination of both of the recent presented tax systems. It is not a plain comprehensive system with a single progressive tax development or a flat tax with only a proportional tax, but a combination of both. It attempts to tax the personal capital income at a uniform (low) proportional tax while maintaining a (higher) progressive rate on the labour income. This taxation system was first introduced in Denmark 1987, other northern countries as Finland, Norway or Sweden followed. Until today the Norwegian system is seen as the most experienced one and is seen as very respected for the consistency with which it was implemented. Until today the system as such had to be subject to changes. Germany introduced the dual income tax system in 2009. Income was taxed according to the global tax system with the progressive taxation method whereas capital income was taxed deducted at source at a rate of 25 %, without exception. A unique aspect of the dual income tax system is the problem of how to distinguish labour from cpital income when the two are mixed together. A typical example is the business man who provides labour and capital with one business. These types of business are tempted to declare their gains of labour as capital income to avoid the higher progressive tax. The Finnish Government countered this problem with a division of dividends paid by unlisted companies into two components. Each half is then treated as either labour or capital income. Advantages of the Dual Income Tax system A country with lower capital income taxation becomes more attractive to foreign investors with a higher local capital income tax. This also has a positive effect on the attractivity of corporate investments. The further positive impact on the economic development is obvious. The generation of capital income tax by collecting it at its source, creates a higher possibility of tax payment in comparison to individual tax declaration. The incentive for capital exports and tax avoidance is reduced by a lower tax rate on capital income. It also diminishes the risk of tax evasion. Neutrality or simplicity means an equal treatment of capital income tax without personalized deductions or any other special handling. The main tax income which is raised for public finance can be brought up alone by the labour income tax. Disadvantages of the Dual Income Tax system Compared to the comprehensive taxation system, the dual income tax system has left the tax arbitrage is theory open. This is the (income shifting between higher-taxed labour income and lower-taxed capital income) to gain the difference between these two tax rates. Nevertheless it can reduce the incentives of capital exports to cheaper capital income neighbor countries. A common mentioned disadvantage of the dual income tax system it the so called problem of the double taxation. This taxation problem does not only exist in this taxation system but is characteristic for this system. Double taxations is a  taxation  principle  referring to income taxes that are paid twice on the same source of earned income. The problem herewith is the question when and how the best way is to tax capital income. The current scheme taxes the first time when earned as labour income. The taxpayer now has got two options, one would be to consume directly and have no further problems. In times of shrinking pension accounts many people prefer to save the money in forms of capital investment eg. shares, bondsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The real dual taxation problem now appears when these capital investments start to pay their interests or dividends. The argument behind this contra argument is that the capital to buy a investment was already taxed. 3.4 The dual income tax system in Germany and its impact In this section I will outline the general impact of the dual income tax system for Germany. In 2009 Germany installed the dual income tax system, keeping its progressive tax for labour income and changing its capital income to a flat taxation rate of 25%. The aim of this change from the comprehensive to the dual income tax system was diverse. First of all the German state wanted to stop the emigration of capital income to abroad countries. By implementing the 25% capital income tax Germany became more attractive to investors from foreign countries like Switzerland due to their higher taxation rate of 35%. As an additional positive effect Germany could hold its own capital income taxes in the country. If Germany would have kept it this way, a major relief of administration on the governmental and in the private sector would have been seen. The taxation on capital income would have been done directly as a deduction at source by the capital organization like banks or pension organizati on, as a standard anonymous fee. This as consequents would have meant a higher and more continuous reliable income flow and a real established flat tax for the capital income tax. But this was not the case, due to a minority, the people whose income tax is below the minimum subsistence level. These people claimed that the taxation of capital income at a rate of 25 % compared to their taxation level from the comprehensive taxation system which is lower than 25 % is unfair and not feasible. This is why the German model of the dual income taxation system could not be installed in its pure way, but with a major amount of adjustments. To give people living at the minimum subsistence level a chance to be taxed by their correct tax rate the capital income tax from banks had to be change from anonymous to personalized. On the one hand this meant a huge effort for banks to change their standard fee to a personalized fee tracing every capital movement on bank accounts. And on the other hand the anticipated administration reduction was not fulfilled. Taxpayers below the minimum subsistence level still have to create a tax declaration with a special request form. The problem with one special treatment is that it never comes alone, and so it is the same in Germany. As one of the few countries left which still has got the church tax as a fixed component of the tax system, the simple neglection as it is foreseen in the flat tax system for capital income was not possible, has to keep the church tax specialties in mind. The church fee in Germany is even dependant the federal state you life in and can vary between 8 9 %. In the old comprehensive system it was an easy task to retain the church taxes, due to the fact that this tax was retained as one tax from the hole income. With the new dual income tax system the labour income part of the church taxation is treated in the same way, by deduction of the entrepreneur. But to keep the principle of being a fair state, of course the capital income part of the church tax hast do be discharged as well. In principle this doesnt seem to be that big of a task but as the capital income is deduced by a capital company as banks even more information exchange is necessary. An aligned problem with the further information exchange is the question if a, lets stay with this example, bank should have the right or need to know ones religious orientation. As a diverse and social alert state Germany added another special treatment to the capital income taxation system. Church tax payers who have capital income then have two options. These would be on the one hand, provide your bank with you religious orientation who then would have to check each capital income payment on the capital income tax 25 % the 5,5 % solidarity surcharge tax and then depending on the Information the 8 9% church taxes. Or on the other hand declare your taxes through the normal tax declaration and being charged retroactively. Especially here you can see how the gap between fair and simple is a thin line which Is hard to meet. Either a taxation system is held flat and small so special tax treatments like church taxes or the regard of the Taxpayers below the minimum subsistence level are not concerned, or the system is tried to be held fair and a huge amount of administrative costs is installed. Another side effect of the dual income tax system is a well known problem that in general equity in personal businesses should be intensified. With the flat tax for capital income in Germany unfortunately the opposite is achieved. If an business owner gives a loan to his own company, his interest incomes are taxed according to the normal progressive tax rate (up to 50%). Giving the money to the bank instead of his own company allows him to make use of the favour of the flat tax rate. This lead to an unforeseen out pulls of money of personal businesses and reinvesting it in the capital market. Here again the question can be asked, which aim is the dual income taxation system following? If the main aim was to ensure a larger capital spend in the local market then the aim was fulfilled, but if a long term effect as supporting the increase of equity in private businesses was targeted then a clearly miss must be admitted. Anyhow the change to the dual income tax system for people with income greater than the minimum subsistence level presented a pleasant relief. As the capital amount of exemption in Germany is currently at 801 euros any capital income higher than 800 euros (20000 euros at an interest rate of 4 %) and a labour income tax higher than 25 % can make a noticeable saving. The problem in the Germany state is that it always tries to care for everybody, this is why a simplified system is hard or even impossible to install in Germany. Conclusion Because the fiscal functionality is not a static system there is in my opinion hardly any tax system which can last all too long. This is also the reason way a change in the German taxation system was needed badly. In my opinion the dual income tax system as it is thought of, in its original form without any special treatments is a very attractive and a realizable taxation system. With its aim to simplify the capital taxation by installing a flat tax which is deducted at the source is a major relief to administrative effort. As a critical discussion Point concerning the dual income tax system, is my question: can a taxation system be seen as fair if a person who owns an X amount of Euros (which is enough for him to live from the interests) should be allowed life a nice and easy life and only having to pay a low capital income Tax. on The contrary the taxpayer working 330 days paying the higher labour tax rate according to a comprehensive tax system? To illustrate this a little more clearly lets make a simple example with numbers. In the one hand we have the rich person with a capital of 5 million Euros who, with a interst rate of 4 %, has got a capital gain of 200.000 Euros. As this is seen as capital income it is only taxed at a low rate of 25 % so, the rich person can keep net 150.000 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬. He can keep his life standard without working and exaggerated be on holiday the whole year. On the other Hand the person who works hard and has got a labour income of 200.000 Euros, hast to pay the top ta x rate of 50% and can only use the remaining 100.000 Euros. Summary Due to new European taxation systems many countries changed their view on taxation and had no other opportunity than to reform their own system. The dual income tax system, as a so called Scheduler Taxation System, because it has different schedules for the different income types originates from two different taxation models, these are a comprehensive, and flat tax taxation methods. The Main aims of the DIT system is the separation of capital and labour income. The dual income tax system underlays a proportional tax rate on all net income (e.g. Capital, interests, dividends, business income, income from real estate) and a progressive tax rate on labour income. With this background I took a look at the previous described Tax systems. Conclusions of the A major problem of the dual income tax in Germany is the sense of unfairness that is implemented by the general application of this tool. This lead to possible individual tax deductions. A general capital income tax, that is collected right where it is generated from the bank and is discharged anonymously is administrated easily. An advantage of a flat tax rate is ideally a simplification of the existing system. In Germany however in order to avoid unequal treatment individual tax deductions are possible. This counterstrikes the hoped effect. Vereinfachungs effect flat tax vereinfachung. A) keine abzà ¼hge b) depot gebà ¼hrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ etc. Æ’Â   wird einfacher aber immer grà ¶ber (ungerecht)Aufantragà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Auch die capitalertrà ¤ge.

A Students Reading Of The Politics Of Rich And Poor :: essays research papers

A Student's Reading of The Politics of Rich and Poor Often times, a political analyst/scientist will write a book on the politics and economics of the time. This writer may also create a work which emanates views contrary to the opinion of the governing body. Rarely, however, does one find an analyst who will clearly undermine his own political party by, in effect, saying, "I told you so." Kevin Phillips, editor-publisher of The American Political Report, columnist for the Los Angeles Times, and chief political analyst for the 1968 Republican presidential campaign, describes in his book, The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Regan Aftermath, the consequences of the decisions made by the United States government while under the presidency of Republican Ronald Regan. Phillips' theme of the widening gap between the upper twenty percent of the population, in respect to annual income in actual dollars, with the lower twenty percent of the population coincides with the belief of the typical American avarice, during the eighties, leading the country on a rollercoaster ride of economic instability and shaky ground. These ideas remain constant and prevalant throughout the seven chapters. His views, though somewhat repetitive in the text, strike the reader with astonishment, especially when considering Phillips' Republican party affiliation. With his thesis in mind, Phillips discusses three major factors that escalate and at the same time submerge the state of the economy in America. These factors include: the sudden shift in tax rates, the diminishing "global wealth" of America, and the inability of the government under Regan to satisfy a "happy medium" for economic growth. All of these factors support Phillips' theme and prove his argument of an up and down cycle of economic stability. From 1921 to 1925 the top one percent of the population's tax rate was gradually decreased from the marginally high rate of seventy-three percent all the way to just twenty-five percent. Over four years this elite group of Americans received a forty-eight percent reduction in taxes. This decrease opened the door for the super-rich Americans to capitalize and increase their current wealth. As the taxes decreased for this group of the population, others also benefited. A surge in real estate investments occured, the stock market values rose dramatically, and new technology such as radios and automobiles were surfacing every day. This bull economy lasted only a few short years. By 1929, the situation was reversed entirely. The economy crashed with unequaled consequences. The rich citizens who were living "the good life" four years ago were now stuck with paying seventy-three percent of the entire population's

Health Risks Associated with Technology Essay

The widespread use of technology has led to some important use health concerns. Some of the move common physical health risks are repetitive strain injuries, computer vision syndrome, and muscular pain. These injuries are on the rise for users of technology. A repetitive strain injury (RSI) is an injury or disorder of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, and joints. Technology-related RSIs include tendonitis and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Tendonitis is inflammation of a tendon due to repeated motion or stress on that tendon. CTS is inflammation of the nerve that connects the forearm to the palm. Repeated or forceful bending of the wrist can cause tendonitis or CTS of the wrist. Factor that cause these disorders include prolonged typing or mouse usage and continual shifting between a mouse and keyboard (Jones 45-48). If untreated, these disorders can lead to permanent physical damage. Computer vision syndrome (CVS) affects eyesight. Symptoms of CVS are sore, tired, burning, itching, or dry eyes; blurred or double vision; distance blurred vision after prolonged staring at a display device; headache or sore neck; difficulty shifting focus between a display device and documents; difficulty focusing on a screen image; color fringes or afterimages when looking away from a display device; and increased sensitivity to light. Eyestrain associated with CVS is not thought to have serious or long-term consequences (Anderson and Dean) People who spend their workday using the computer sometimes complain of lower back pain, muscle fatigue, and emotional fatigue. Lower back pain sometimes is cause from poor posture. It is advisable to sit properly in a chair while working and take periodic breaks. Users also should be sure their workplace is design ergonomically. Ergonomic studies have shown that using the correct type and configuration of chair, keyboard, display device, and work surface help users work comfortably and efficiently and helps  protect their health (Sanchez). Many physical health risks are associated with using technology. These risks include repetitive strain injuries, computer vision syndrome, and muscular pain. User should take as many preventive measures as possible to avoid these risks. Works Cited Anderson, Cricket Finley and Stacey Anne Dean. â€Å"Computer pains.† The Medical Update Aug. 2014:n. page. Web. 2 October 2014. Jones, Jacob Lee. Medical concerns of the 21st Century. Chicago: Smiley Incorporated, 2014. Print. Sanchez, Jorge Mario. Aches and Pains. 30 Sept. 2014. Course Technology. Web. 5 Aug. 2014.

Searching for the Origin of Life Essay - 880 Words

Searching for the Origin of Life Our origin and destination was never such a baffling question. The answer was simple, God. However it seems as though the evolution of thought has complicated the topic, to the point where the previous simple answer was almost left behind. Religion has science to blame for its loss of complete power of the people. Perhaps this is why the religious society is so unwilling to find a happy median. Although that is completely understandable, science did embarrassingly undermine their entire belief system, or did it? A growing number of people from each belief system are beginning to understand that science and religion depend upon each other to give the best answer†¦show more content†¦The explosion was so exact that if it were to happen any other way the universe would not exist as we know it, if the atoms hadn’t arranged the way they did to form other particles then we wouldn’t be asking ourselves this question. 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